ONLINE JOURNALISM (MCOM414) GROUP 3 ASSIGNMENT

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Department of Mass Communication
          Faculty of social scuonce
     Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

 Lecturer: Mal. Muhammad Hashim Suleiman

 Questionn
Extensively Discuss Online Journalism Tools, Online and Offline Collaborative Tools and how you can use both Tools in the discharge of your Reportorial Duties as an Online Journalist.

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INTRODUCTION
The field of journalism on digital network and particularly on the internet is a new phenomenon which began in the early 90s in parallel to that of the World Wide Web.
During the past two and a half decades, information and communication technologies (ICT) have transformed media organizations. Digitization of production in media organization has facilitated changes in the organization and practices of journalism (Erdal, 2007). This change consequently affects production work and has resulted also in new ways of news making and fundamental changes in the final products and in the way final products are delivered to the end users. This journalism is what we called online journalism.

For a long period of time, newspapers only product has been the print edition of the newspaper, radio stations only product was their radio programmes and TV stations only product was their TV programme. But the convergence of information and communication technologies has produced various channels that can deliver news. Thus the tendency has been for the larger media organization and companies to have several publishing channels at their disposal (Sabelstron, 2001, Veglis 2007). This trend according to Veglis (2008) came about mainly due to the wide popularity of the internet as well as the mobile telephone network. Erdel (2008) further corroborates that this resulted in the rapid expansion of news output from many broadcasters covering a wide range of media platform.

Journalist in todays journalism uses technologies that allow them to do what they want, communicate with anyone they want in the time and space that suit them best. This technologies provides them with easily accessible and user friendly collaborative tools which consequently allows them explore, share, engage, create and comment with other journalist and their audience. Therefore, the thrust of this work is to extensively discuss on online journalism tools, online and offline collaboration tools and how you can use both tools in the discharge of your reportorial duties as an online journalist.


ONLINE JOURNALISM
The key values or defining characteristics of journalism according to Deuze (2005) include (1) that journalism provides a public services, typically in the form of collecting, collating and disseminating information to the public (ii) that journalism is objective and fair and therefore credible (iii) that is autonomous from vested interest (iv) that it has a sense of immediacy and newest news (v) that it has an ethics of what is and what is not appropriate. He further stated that this values forms the backbone of journalism, but the readily of a developing technology as well as socio-political and economic changes means that journalism needs to re-interpret these values in new ways in order to adopt to this environment.

Indeed, new technologies are analogous to an asteroid crashing, with journalism feeling the ripple effects, new developing pose important challenges for journalism values which may no longer suffer for its survival or perhaps need to be restructured (Deuze,2008).
In defining the concept of online journalism, Hernendez (2010) sees online journalism as the exploitation of the latest technology and of the opportunities offered only by the internet for the improvement and distribution of narrations and journalism.
Online journalism have had very ambiguous impact  on journalistic  autonomy ,on the other hand, they offer journalist  the possibility to operate  independently, outside  the confines of media corporation but in the other hand ,the proliferation  of journalistic  sources of funding that may have allowed independent  investigative journalism (Siapera and veglis, 2012).
The evolution of the technology of online journalism must inevitably lead to creator and consumer of content relationship re-conceptualization (Meyrowitz, 1985). Consequently, according to Bruns (2008), in journalism we can conceive of a new role for the reporter as information purveyor, and audience as consumers.

Robinson (2011) further stated that the roles have become truly converged in such a way that every plays participate in every other role. The institution of the press as a purveyor of information and connectivity is still fully functioning but the news is no longer the role purview of the press.
Within the atmosphere of online journalism, the roles play by journalist changes. A role of major importance in the communication process is that of the gatekeeper. The mass communication in the conceptual model of Wesley and Maclean plays the channel role and select on the basis of the publics need, those event to publish. (Mcquail and Windahl, 2001).

Journalists also play the role of agenda setting. Agenda setting explains why in a democratic society the public is provided with information on certain issues instead of others (Dearing and Rogers ,1996). Other roles include corporate dominance, citizen journalism, participatory journalism and many more.
Therefore, if everybody can be a journalist and do the argument, then online journalism needs to be very powerful and hold a special place in todays society. But the main question concerning online journalism is to understanding the kind of changes it introduces both on empirical and theoretical terms. What has change and how what is more broadly the effect of the rise of online journalism on journalism? (Siapera and Veglis 2012).

               Watch online journalism


FEATURES OF ONLINE JOURNALISM
Though there are so many features that make online journalism different from other journalisms. Dueze (2003) identified 3 dominant features of online journalism which are:
INTERACTIVITY
MULTIMEDIALITY
HYPERTEXTUALITY

He define interactivity as the ability for readers or audience of online content to react to or interact with and even adapt news content presented to them. The comment section of online content is a key element of this attribute.

The second feature according Dueze is multimediality, which is a technical capability for news content to be delivered in multiple platforms; text, video, audio and animated graphics. He further stated that static textual content will be regarded as a deficiency in multimediality.
The third feature which makes online journalism exceptional is hypertextuality. Dueze describe it as the ability of news site to connect the story to other story, archives, resources and so forth through hyper links. He further corroborate that the presence of links that connect readers to related materials within the same website and/or that leads readers to another external site relevant to the content being presented constitute the core of hypertextuality (Dueze 2003).

Another feature is immediacy, journalist relationship to time has not change due to increase work load, but also and maybe even more important due to discourse of speed, which promote speed as the main measure of competitive success in the news industry (Ornebring, 2010). Dueze and Paulussen (2002) further corroborate that today; the sense of speed which implies constant deadlines is at core of online journalism. Because earlier of online journalism, already pointed to immediacy as a central constitutive element of their professional identity.

Most, if not all, online journalist, stress the importance of constant and real time delivery. Aside from the pressure of keeping the news website permanently up to date with new content, life breaking news coverage has become the key aspect of online journalism as well (Rosensfiel and Micell, 2008). Other features include convergence and annotative reporting, conversational style, open sourced journalism e.t.c.


ONLINE JOURNALISM TOOLS

Atagana (2017) wrote that in the last decade there has been a significant boom in disruptive technologies and media industry has been most hit by disruption economy. The rise of the web mobile devices and social media has changed the way audiences consume and interact with news and in turn the way news and stories are told. As the world and technology evolves, so also most of the tools journalists use to tell the story.
He further states that journalists need to think differently about how they research the stories they tell, how they package the story for an ever evolving audience and the best way to mine data from many platforms that exist out there.
To make the process of news gathering, processing and disseminating more easily and lively journalist need to make use of various online tools. However, there are many tools online journalist use to carry out their online activities, but for the purpose of this work, we are going to discuss on some but not limited to. The following are some of the important tools online journalist can deploy in the discharge of their online journalism related duties in todays mobile and social media dominated world which are classified based on their news gathering, processing and disseminating ability.


                               Watch



NEWS GATHERING TOOLS


Google Advanced

This is an advanced search which allows online journalist to search for information by using specific qualities. Online journalists can use this tool by asking the search engine questions with tags that allow it give them right information. The tag here may include date, time, weather, song etc. An online journalist can also search for specific things in an article. It can also help an online journalist to get information by using short sentences, correct spelling and simple sentences. With this, an online journalist can get facts to add to their story or to even make their story interesting and more researched.

Reverse Image Search
With Google Reverse Image Search application, online journalist can drag and drop their images into the image search bar and trace where that image has been used across the web. This is in line with how images and copyright issues have become a major problem for media house in the internet age. Publishers churning out large volumes of content including images often dont think on what is  happening to their images .There is this popular adage that says  a picture speaks more than  thousand words. Images, cartoons and other graphic materials play vital role in online journalism activities because images can define or explains and add facts to story, online journalist in a move to make their story interesting and more attractive need to attach image or graphics to the words.

Tweet Deck
This application as one of the important online journalism tool in this social media age make it possible for journalist to know who share their content and what they are saying about the content. By knowing this, online journalist can source the views and perceptions of the audience on that news story which will consequently give them a clue on how to write a story that is of public interest.

Storyful Multisearch
As a number of social media platforms continue evolving in this technological era that is how online journalists around the world find themselves needing greater sites and networks to get the latest information and content they can use to gather news stories.  Storyful Multisearch is a social newswire which enable journalists to search multiple social media platforms in one. It comes in form of an extension of Google Chrome browser. It has a magnifying glass logo which appears at the right corner of your browser and once you type a keyword in the search box, it will pops up and when you hit the magnifying glass, it renders immediate results from twitter, twitter videos, twitter images, Instagram etc.

Echosec
This is a location search based platform that provides public safety, security, journalism and intelligence professionals actionable knowledge base on social media and other information. Online journalists use this to gain insight and actionable knowledge about real-time events. They also used it to generate leads and uncover new information for various investigations. It can also be used to save lives as well. Echosec is one of a whole range of sites and service that have sprung up in recent years to help people search for geolocated post on social media.
The aforementioned tools form part of the important tools online journalists used in news gathering and others include:
 Instant Message (IM)
 Tablets
Advance Twitter
Facebook
Wikis
E-mail
Whatsapp
Google alert
Story Pull etc.

NEWS PROCESSING TOOLS


Google public data explorer

Online journalists find it very challenging in finding qualitative database while researching stories on tight deadline.  Google public data explorer helps journalist find and interpret these data sets from various trusted sources, online journalists can be able to create a sophisticated visualization using tool provided by Google public explorer. Most a times interpretation and analysis can be very  difficult for online journalists, so Google public data explorer help online journalist to interpret data in the way their audience can understand the message clearly and unambiguously.

Google my Map
Audiences often get lost in the words of a story and lack the context of what is happening. Using this tool (Google my map), journalist can create an engaging stories and share data that can add important context with your audiences. It can be quite challenging to create map in order to bring this necessary context to your story. But Google my map makes it very easy for online journalists to create custom maps in a matter of minutes.

Skype
This tool allows audio and video calls between multiple devices once a person can be on laptop and the other can be on another laptop or a phone. One of the most prominent features of Skype is that online journalists can use it to make group call between five to six people on a call from zones all over the world and that is why it is seen as one of the most popular online communication tools.
The above listed are some of the tools used by online journalist in news processing, others include:
Zoho
Flickr
Think Free,
Google Fusion
Transcriber etc.

NEWS DISSEMINATION TOOLS


Blogs

Blog is gotten from two words, web and logging. A blog is a web site where entries are written in chronological order and displayed in reverse chronological order. An important feature of blogs is the ability for readers to leave comments.  That is the reason why newspapers have included blogs as a supplement to their web editions, thus giving journalists the opportunity to comment on current events and their readers the ability to interact with them (veglis, 2007). See how blog are

RSS
RSS according to Veglis (2007) is a method of describing news or other web content that is available for feeding from an online publisher to the web users.  Today many media companies are employing RSS in order to alert their readers to new headlines. And this tool usually employs text and often small pictures.

 Twitter
This tool is a social networking and micro blogging service that enable users to send and read other peoples updates which are known as tweets. Twitter is referred to as the SMS of the internet because the site provides the back-end functionality to other desktop and web based application to send and receive short text messages, often obscuring the actual website itself.
The above constitute some of the important tools used in disseminating information in the online journalism process, others include:
WhatsApp
Google Earth (for sharing message between collaborators),
Youtube
Facebook etc.
To read more on online journalism collaborative tools click here

WHAT IS COLLABORATION IN ONLINE JOURNALISM?

Collaboration is the name of the game today; most bylines are multiple authors, often from different location. Collaboration generally is regarded as positive; the adage two heads are better than one reflects that connotation (Trevelton, 2016).According to Lomas, Burke and Page (2008), Collaboration is the action of working with one or more other people to produce or create content. Collaboration is a recessive process where two or more people work together toward an intersection of common goals by sharing Knowledge, learning and building consensus, against the backdrop of an increasingly technologically advanced world where two or more people may be separated by mere halls or vast oceans.Roschelle and Teasley (1995) defined collaboration as coordinated synchronous activity that is the result of a confirmed attempt to construct and maintain a shared conception of a problem. Roschelle (1992) further frames collaboration as an exercise in the convergence or construction of share meaning and not the research or conversational analysis has identified features of interactions that enable participants to reach convergence through the construct and monitoring of shared knowledge.


OFFLINE COLLABORATIVE TOOLS


SMS

SMS, also known short messages service according Gillmor (2004) is a service offered by network provider that allow customers to send messages over their mobile phones. Many media companies are employing SMS in order to send to their readers the main headlines or to alert them on breaking news. SMS known as text messaging in a service for sending short messages of up to 160 characters (224 characters if using 5 bit mode) to mobile device including cellular phones, smart phones etc.
Using SMS formalities, collaborators can send messages from one cell phone to another without going online. It can also be used to notify various collaborators of an emergency meeting and can also be used in notifying the owner through voicemail. Because it does not require the mobile to be active and within range, messages can be send and hold for a number of days until the phone is active and within the range.

TABLETS
Tablets are portable PCs that include touch screen and wireless connection to the internet. This device have relatively large resolution displaying and an extensive storage capable (in comparison with other mobile devices like smart phones) that allow publishers to provide readers with usually rich content in fixed payment that can refrain each publishers establish brand identity (Wearder and Fidler, 2001). With it features of large storage capacity and the feature of touch screen, online journalism find it user-friendly and also enable them store large data which can also be shared among pairs. And collaborating with tablets enable collaborators to package usually rich content to the readers which will consequently make the news story more credible.


SMARTPHONE

A Smartphone is a high end mobile phone that combines the function of a personal digital assistant (PAD) and mobile phone. These devices serve as portable media players and camera phones with high resolution touch screen, GPS navigation, WIFI and mobile broadband access. They include browsers that enable users to access regular websites but that device have small screen (in comparison with PCs) and thus web surfing is not an easy task. That is why many companies are offering portals prepared for such mobile device that include limited graphics but all the necessary texts and pictures for each article (Veglish, 2012).
With it features of having media player, camera, etc. this tool can be used in news gathering by various collaborators. And with the development of various softwares compatible to Smartphone like WPS, Quickoffice, etc. news can be processed using Smartphones. Furthermore, content can be shared among collaborators without going online through using various softwares like Bluetooth, Flashare, Xender, etc.

FLASH DRIVE
This is a small, ultra-portable storage device which unlike optical drive or traditional hard drive has no moving part Flash Drives are often referred to as Pen Drives, Thumb Drive or Jump Drives. Journalists can use flash drives by just inserting it free USB port on a computer. In most computers you will be alerted that the flash drive is inserted and content of the drive will appear on the screen similar to how other drives on your computer appear when you browse for files (Fisher, 2017).
Collaborators working on the content in offline environment can copy the content on their flash into another computer to add their contribution and can be sent to editor for final editing using same tool.

COMPUTER
The computer is a programmable machine which has two major characteristics that include: response to specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions (program) (Beal, 2017).
With mass storage device, a computer can permanently retain large amount of data. Therefore journalists can be able to collaborate using personal computer. Personal computer is a small single-user computer based in microprocessor. In addition to the microcomputer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and storage device.


ONLINE JOURNALISM COLLABORATIVE TOOLS:

TWITTER: According to Veglis (2012) twitter is a social networking and micro-blogging service that enable it users to send and read other users updates which are known as tweets. Twitter is often described as the SMS of the internet, in that the site provides the back-end time functionality to other short text messages, often obscuring the actual web site itself tweets are text based post of up to 140 characters in length.
Lomas, Burke and Page (2008) further corroborates that twitter is designed to support micro interaction often disjointed tweets are available because of their brevity, their spontaneity and content generated by familiarity.
Tweeter updates are displayed on the users profile page and delivered to other users who have signed up to receive them. Users can send and receive updates via the twitter web site, SMS, RSS (receive only) or through application. The services are free to use over the web, but using SMS may incur phone service provider fees (Veglis 2012).
Because it further gives its community the ability to comment and share deeply, online journalist can be able to keep up with latest updates of different collaborators or colleagues from different geographical location who are working on the same content. Also the interaction of twitter with other online journalism tools made it possible to share rich media including URLs, pictures, videos and others.
SKYPE: Skype according to Lomas, Burke and Page (2008) is the Volp Application that allows users to collaborate over voice channels by calling one another. Skype users download and install a chart application, allow them to use their computer as phones, they can make free voice calls to other Skype users on the network.
For online journalist, Skype open way for longer and more frequent interactions, also eliminating cost constrain and creating opportunities to record conversations and also pave way for multi-users conversation. This tool is particularly use in international conversation. Viewing the fact that face to face communication is more effective, Skype is seen as a very effective collaboration tools for online journalist.
FLICKR: The photo sharing site Flickr is ostensibly a place to share experience through its uses of technologies that enhance sharing. However, Flickr qualifies as an online collaborative tool centered on image and visual sharing. Flickr incorporate web 2.0 communication tools and has become a site people meet to share and discuss images (Lomas, Burke and Page 2008).
Online journalist can use the site to emulate the activity of working together as an image, analysis, comparisons, annotations, publishing and receiving can all be facilitated using these tools. Flickr account is also free and uses are encouraged to upload their photos to the site. Using local photo management software to put their pictures online, journalist can share images with the entire online community, with small group of colleagues (collaborators).
Collaborators can also correlate photos, add comments or even assign freely chosen keywords as tags. Using a note tool, online journalist can highlight parts of a photo by drawing a box around and then attaching a note. Picture here can also be commented and collected into groups where discussion can be facilitated.
BLOGS: A blog is a web site where entries are written in chronological order and displayed in reverse chronological order. An important feature of blog is the ability for readers to leave comment that is the reason why some media organizations have included blogs as a supplement to their web edition thus giving the journalist the opportunity to comment on current events and their readers the ability to interact with them (Veglis, 2007). Blog as an online journalism tool open door for various authors and editors of content on the same platform. With this feature, it makes it possible for two or more journalists to work on the same content.

Blog environment



TABLETS: Tablets are portable PCs that include touch screens and wireless connection to the internet. These device offers relatively large high resolution displays and an extensive storage capacity (in comparison with other mobile device, for example smart phones) that allow publishers to provide readers with visually rich content in fixed format that can retain each publications established brand identity (Wearden and Fidler, 2001). This tool is use as one of the gateways through which online journalist keep in touch on the net and also can be use in collating, creation/processing and dissemination of content to the audience as well as sharing among peers.
GOOGLE DOCS: This is one of the several online tools that allow individual to work together on a shared document. The experience mimics working on a document through word processing software except that the work is conducted online and other collaborators can work together in real time. In the past, collaboration   on a document involve passing a document from one journalist to the other where each would take a turn at improving the work, often correcting, modifying or building on the work.
With Google docs, journalist can work on the same document on real time where changes can be tracked an attributed and the document can be shared with large group of editors and receiver as it become more polished. In other word, a Google doc is a digital document creating opportunities for real time editing and research collaboration.
GOOGLE EARTH: A unique feature of the Google earth is geographic richness. Google earth is a geographical and mapping tool which uses the power of location to create spatial connections between users, adding a layer of information for users to share and contribute to. Google earth is a client application installed on local PCs and uses browsers plug-ins and internet connection to provide rich, visual, geographic data. Other features enable users to contribute personal coordinate to the data exhibited in Google earth. Online journalists can upload their own sites and pinpoint their location or the map. Browsers can view location of interest and simultaneously view the annotations contributed by the users community by viewing the aggregated collection of favorite spots users participate in richer interactions related to place, spawning conversation among a common interest in location.
IM (INSTANT MESSENGER): IM sometimes referred to as chat or text chat is a versatile, accessible and almost universally available tool that supports collaboration in multiple ways. IM is generally viewed as a platform to support synchronous text communication between two or more people using computers and it excels at that, but it is much more. Many chat/IM client applications support audio chat, video chat, file transfer and even desktop. Sharing in addition to simple text chat, perhaps the greatest feature of IM is the number of people who use it and know how to use it. IM is almost as ubiquitous as email. Indeed, wed-based IM is included in all gmail account. Using IM requires that a user have an account with a service such as gmail, yahoo or AOL instant messenger, (AIM) and a client application located on the users computer. This is the cause: IM is hosted by a service provider, the network preserve availability and also allow IM users to communicate with other people regardless of service provider or IM client once users have an account with a service provider and a client application installed on their computer, they can easily text chat with other users any where in the world. With the client application that supports it, online journalists may also be able to audio chat, video chat and exchange files through the IM application.
DROPBOX: This is probably a tool that is use for collaboration. With this software, you can have access to all your documents, files, articles and many more. This tool allows online journalists to create so called shared folders; which will appear in every members computer. Any file, which has been uploaded to those folders, can be accessed by every person on the team who has access to it. It is as simple as creating a new folder on your computer, putting files in there and sharing a link with your friend, or co-worker. Now, if this person accepts your invitation to the shared folder, all the stuff that you add to it on your end will magically appear on their computer.
 ZOHO: Like Google Docs, Zoho offers a suit of apps to create online documents, spreadsheets and presentations (plus databases), but their sharing features are much better. No only can you invite others to view or edit documents but you create groups to make them easier to manage. Additionally, online journalists can publish any document to their Blog or website and it have the ability to make any document public. Zoho provide a unique URL and RSS feed for every public document which is updated automatically when ever a change is made.
MICROSOFT OFFICE LIVE: Microsoft office live allows existing owners of Microsoft office to share and collaborate with other office owners by using their Microsoft office online account plus its important to note that this service is not free and if you do not have office installed on your computer then you are out of luck. With this tool therefore online journalists who are geographically separated can work on the same content online.
THINKFREE: This tool provides a slick suit of online application like Zoho or Google Docs. Online journalists can use the web version of the application or installed the desktop client that syncs with your online account which will also allow you to work offline. Zoho and Google claim to let you work offline via Google gears but you can create new documents offline, only view existing ones. Think free allows you to do everything just like the full blown Microsoft suit.
DRAFT: This is another online toll used by team workers in the reporting or journalistic activities. It is free tool for writing and editing with wide range of options that allows team members to personalize their writing experience and collaboration. It has more detailed control of past versions than Google docs to find previous edition that may have been over written also with transcription tool, analytics image hosting and so on.
HIP CHAT: This online tool can be used to set up meeting among online journalist where ever they are instead of coming to office using hand out where the entire staff needs to be present and have face to face conversation. Hip chat allows the upload of page on issue and task assign to each reporter at their own convenience. It is a private hosted chat service that is design to help journalist or any working team to collaborate more effectively.

WEAKNESSES OF ONLINE COLLABORATIVE TOOLS
For every effective collaborative tool there are tools that will not successes. The failure of this tools range from simply having an unintuitive, clunky interface to been too expensive or require too much hardware. From the discussion so far it is quite easy to pin point some of the weaknesses of various online collaborative tools which constitute the following:
SECURITY: One of the major priorities with any media organization is data security, and unfortunately group collaborative tools are quite vulnerable to criminal online activities. Unauthorized access to data is also another problem considered, especially for data during information gathering.
E-ONLY COMMUNICATION:  One of distinguishing factor of online journalism is internet base accessibility. With this features both audience and sender of online message sometimes find it difficult to have access to the content because it requires mobile data which most a time is costly.
UNRELIABILITY: collaborative tools can also be temperamental, should the server go down, work can not be done unless it is completed individually which consequently undermines the whole point of the technology.
EXPENSE: some collaborative tools can be extremely costly. While collaborative tools are essentially thought of as the cheaper alternative, the cost can still mount up as a problem.
FALL IN EFFIENCY: A drop in productivity is common of poorly implemented group collaborative tools, even though they will have been install with the opposite effect in mind. Sometimes, tasks are completed for more efficiently beyond the indicator of group wires than within it. This is because it can take longer period of time and effort to synchronize the schedules of participates. If a single collaborator has to change is plans at the last moment problem can be generated through out the group.


CONCLUSION
With the rapid development of communication technology (particularly the internet) journalism practice has been changed dramatically. Audience are no more passive in the communication process, it has become very hard to distinguish who is a professional journalist and a journalist. In this era of online journalism, for a professional journalist to stand out, he has to use the latest online journalism tools in his news collation, processing and dissemination. The issue of geographical barrier for those collaborating in creating a single content has been tackled because journalists working on the same content can collaborate online without seeing each other using the various online journalism collaborative tools. With these tools, participants connect and communicate through more and richer channels to augment conversation because they can add videos share desktop, PowerPoint slides and group browsing etc.
Ultimately, important improvements in this field are the ones that permit or promote better ways of doing things. The tool that allow cheaper choice communication may gain a foothold against a more expensive tool. Hence, tools should respect users time and also reflect the values of the users.







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