Group X

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DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA




ASSIGNMENT
MCOM 414: ONLINE JOURNALISM




GROUP X
Give a detailed review of all other groups’ work




LECTURER:
MAL. MUHAMMAD HASHIM SULEIMAN
 
GROUP BIODATA
S/NO
Names
Reg. No
Attendance 7/8/2017
Attendance8/8/2017
Attendance 9/8/2017
Attendance 10/8/2017
Attendance 14/8/2017
1
Hussaini Hajara Hasaan
U13MM1109





2
Yakubu Jemila Mabe
U13MM1036





3
Ibrahim Rafiate Onize
U13MM1152





4
Abdulrahman Faizah Mohammed
U13MM1037





5
Abdulkadir Bilyamin Abba
U13MM1179





6
Bilkisu Iliyasu
U13MM1013





7
Michael Sandra Washachi
U13MM1092





8
Lawal Abubakar
U14MM2034





9
Twenta Hope Ayuba
U13MM1126





10
Goni Ande
U13MM2069





11
Hamisu Maryam Abubakar
U13MM 1075





12
Saidu Habiba
U13MM1200





13
Ibrahim Sumayyah S.
U13MM1140





14
Ogala Esther Omojo
U13MM1143





15
Saleh Shakiru
U13MM1215





16
Buka Priscilla John
U12MM1027





17
Muhammed Fatima Kutigi
U14MM2067





18
Olaoye Yemi O.
U14MM2008





19
Omenka Samysung Emmanuel
U13MM1164





20
Dunioh Tamar Daniel
U13MM1111





21
Joshua Lukas Maigana
U13MM1167





22
Edache Victoria
U13MM1134







GROUP ONE
Question: Trace the Global evolution of online journalism through to it debute in Nigerian media industry, what are it challenges and potentials? Where do students of mass communication fit the equation?
Introduction
Anyone in denial that we live in a digital age truly has not lived, there are changes and we must adopt to the newest technology to be in the know. The Nigerian media has taken a huge step in achieving its role of informing educating, entertaining its audience through online activities and this has paved way for online journalism
Online journalism of gradually taking the media industry to the next level of journalism practices bringing about a more interactive platform and creating a digital audience.
Global Evolution of Online Journalism
Evolution as a word is used to point out some aspects of journalism were inherited through a kind of natural selection and some sub-species of journalism may become extinct while others may be seen as genetic mutations, and these contributes to the survival of journalism. After the launch of the web browser Mosaic 1993, the university of Florida’s journalism department launched what is considered to be the first online journalism website, it was a very basic static website with a picture of the red bricked wall of the journalism department. It was occasionally updated only at night or weekends.
The UK’s daily telegraph came up with an electronic telegraph in November 1994, then a teletext was invented in 1970 in the UK, next was the computer bulletin board system. Several other inventions were launched and thereby creating a continued growth in internet audiences.

History of Nigerian Online Journalism
The Nigerian journalistic landscape in the last ten years is defined by two momentous development. The first is the migration of all major Nigerian newspapers to the internet and still print editions of the same paper with the aim of reaching highly educated Nigeria migratory elite in diaspora (Youngstedt 2004, Reynoids and youngstedt 2004, Reynoids 2002, Stroller 1999).
The second is the robust growth of transitional, diasporas citizen online news media that have vigorously sought and captured the attention of Nigerians both at home and in diaspora (Kperogi 2011, Kperogi 2008)
Challenges of Online Journalism in Nigerian Media Industries
The advent of online journalism makes media industries think about their level of professionalism and skill in the digital age and the challenges cannot be overlooked. First journalist role as gatekeeper is threatened by not just new technology and competitors but potentially by the audience it serves armed with easy to use web publishing tools always on connections and increasingly powerful mobile devices. Another challenge is the financial difficulties, it requires a lot of funds as no one wants to be left behind.
Positive Impact and Potential of Online Journalism in Nigerian Media Industries
One of the positive impact is that of producing, disseminating and receiving of information which has been made all easy and more advanced
It has also created new opportunity for journalists to sell stories not only to local media but globally. This has made the world smaller to explore. Online journalism has eased the work of journalists by not consuming time and energy.

Conclusion
The evolution of the internet and web, the mode of communication has evolve also which has brought interactive and digital audience. The more advancement, the easier it is to collect, process and disseminate all in one platform.
The group un-traced the global evolution of online journalism where it started in 1993 after the launch of the first web browser MOSAIC at the university of Florida, journalism department In 1994, the UK daily telegraph launch the electronic telegraph, the first type of online journalism was inverted in UK in 1970 which was called teletext; the invention of video text with variouse British newspaper such as financial times. In1979, videotext closed down due to failure to use end-user demand. Though other American newspaper companies like night rider, keycom and gateway took notice of the new technology and created their own videotext system but still closed down by 1986. Next came the computer board bulletin system in late 1980 and early 1990s when online newspaper began to gro. The easy adapter was the news observer in Reileign, North Carolina which evolved into the first commercial web browsers, next come the navigator (1994) and internet explorer (1995). In 2008, more Americans started getting theses national and international news from the internet rather than newspapers.
The major challenge of online journalism in Nigeria’s media industry is the issue of globalization, whereby its hegemony as gate-keeper of the news is threatened by not just new technology and competition but by audience it served because the online audience have the mean to become an active participant in the creation and dissemination of news and information. Finance issue is also a challenge due to globalization as no organization want to left behind and it require fund for developing and maintaining it. This is also lack of security knowledge of the online environment which causes setback to media industry and also challenges of those who are quick to break stories in order to solidify their market audience and not pay attention to the accuracy and editorial procedure.
GROUP TWO
Question: Give A Detailed Review of Marcos Palacios And Javier Diaz Veglis Edited Online Journalism Research Methods.
A Multi-Displinary Approach in Comparative Perspective.
Online Journalism even as new as it seems, came in existence in 1994, almist during the emergence of world-wide-web. In this book “online Journalism Research Method” written by Marcus Palacio and Javier Diaz Noci (eds) written as a result of the emergence of technological advancement, which was needed for academical monitoring.
The writer of this book, brought the fact that internet usage has acquired high journalist status to that of the conventional media, the writer also pointed out that internet itself is a system that can so through academic and government institution that are network linked. The book itself posits to be an invitation to dialogue and discussions for researchers, students and experts.
In this review, online journalism is known as cyber media which is classified in different categories that give better comprehension of the phenomenon of online communication. On the contrary, one of such categories talks about the actions or development of the online media, the second category is based on communication models and forms by the world-wide-web. Lastly, this last category centers on the elements that consists of cyber media.
Some of the journalistic genres centers in analyzing texts based on their sources and purpose making a difference between analyzing of new and analyzing of opinion. Based on theoretical and methodological framework, the conventional techniques used to investigate communication phenomenon have been renovated and modifies to fit into the content of journalism and these conventional techniques are experimental, qualitative and quantitative methodologies.
Moreover, methodologies used for both online and conventional journalism is due to some features of online journalism such as hyper textuality and so on. Akso, Diaz Noci and Salaverri (2003) give the five genres of online journalism as respectively; Information graphics, opinion news, Interpretation and dialogical genres. Journalism as a practice is based on information, that is why it is clearly important for data base to be useful in journalism to be able to store and retrieve information leads the development of journalism even till date.
Development has brought about creation of content management system (CMS). This computer application resolves problems between the elements by users and the products by journalists. The organization of the elements of editorical systems of the online medium is centered towards the elements that make running of system to make placing, categorizing, representing and recovering of the content in the system. To know how efficient the transmission is, methodological analysis of the hierarchy of cyber-medium will help.
The writers major out the work of campbell and Goodman (1988) called Hypertext Abstract Machine (HAM); the three layers of architecture web, the upper layer known as ‘user interface’ the second layer is the immediate or ‘HAM’ level and the third layer known as the bottom level. They are methods to study information architecture as follows ‘Bibliographical review of the study’ (definition of term), Description of the information architecture of the object.
The fiction of database are a format for structuring information as a medium for models of multimedia narrative and as a memory for the published contents.
Salaveria and Diac Noci (2003) mentioned hypertext with models which can be used in Journalism. Hyperlink is an innovation elements because it includes in textuality and multimediality.
Gunder (2003) as cited, introduced the methids for analyzing hyperlink of a literacy; hyper-textual narrative by providing codes for the identification of hyperlinks.
There is a connection between hypertext and cognitive science because it allows researchers to investigate through it providing outcome are not fully conclusive.
Perez Marco classified online journalistic links into para-informative, meta-informative, informative and iconic links. There is a correlation between hypertext and cognitive science, seeing as the latter allows researchers to investigate, even though the outcome may be inconclusive. Hermida and Thurman (2007), said citizen journalism includes audience participation which is linked to current news.
Mark Deuze a Dutch researcher worked on participatory journalism and even recognized participation as an essential element of digital culture which is formed by online and offline phenomena.
Blogs have been viewed from different angles by different researchers either as personal journals on net; place for conversation by virtual communities; as a medium that is acquiring characteristics for tabloid journalism; specialization by people with special needs and so on.
The first research dealing with the blog started in Spain that gave a concrete form to the profile of the blogger/ creator and reader of blogs. The relationship between weblogs and journalism formed the basis of the second field of research.
Radio and Television, as contemporary media emerged due to the progress of participatory journalism. This led to the evolution of media convergence. Simply put, convergence may in fact be described as the gradual evolution of the relationship between traditional communication techniques and modern ones. Convergence however, affects different areas of organization of mass media. The areas as such, have to strategize their own processes to cope with the reality.
Over the years, the national and international environment have shown increased interest in research in media convergence. National studies came into light at the beginning of the 21st century.
In the study of convergence, the qualitative method of research is preferred over quantitative methods as the latter is limited in its explanatory ability. Content analysis and field observation makes up qualitative method while quantitative method involves questionnaire, survey, interview etc. convergence should not only be seen as something that arrived newly but seen as a combination of both old and new media.
Earlier on, online journalism was not accepted as a course in most universities due to the fact that most of the experienced scholars did not accept it, this led to the slow process of acceptance.
Later on, universities such as Navarve University, Malaga Universities both in Spain and Federal Universities of Bahia in Brazil offered subject related to both communication and online technology which have brought about a number of changes in research.
Online journalism research has shown the emergence of online media, it acceptance process and its implementation and the way in which data would be analyzed and the way to make use of it.
GROUP THREE
Question: Extensively Discuss Online Journalism Tools, Online and Offline Collaboration Tools and How You Can Use Both Tools in The Discharge of Your Reportorial Duties as An Online Journalist.


INTRODUCTION
Online journalism is another form of journalism that began in the early 90s in parallel to that of the world-wide web, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have transformed media organization
For a long period of time, NPs unity product has been the print edition of the NP, Radio stations only product was their radio programs and TV stations only product was their TV programs, but the convergence of information and communication technology has produced various channels that can deliver news, thus, the tendency has been for the bigger media organization and companies to have several publishing channels not their disposal (Sabelstron, 2001, Veglis 2007).
In today’s journalism, journalist use the technology which allows them to communicate with who they want, how they want it and at their convenient time. This technology provides them with easy access and collaborative tools that they can explore, shape, engage, create and connect with other journalist and their audience.
Online Journalism
In defining the concept of online journalism, Hernendez (2010) sees online journalism as the explanation of the latest technology and of the opportunities offered only by the internet for the improvement and distribution of narration and journalism. The evaluation of technology online journalism must inevitably lead to creator and consumer of content relationship reconceptualization (Megrowitz 1985). However, in defining and or exploring the online journalism the group on the review could not include their understanding or perspective in the topic under discussion, which is the online journalism, all they work on about this particular topic is the salaries paid of view. Therefore, in addition to the above online journalism is a new kind of journalism that uses the latest internet technology by the journalist in the discharge of their day-to-day activities. The advent of internet has break geographical barriers with its wide immense reach all over the world. It also allows journalist to share, collect, edit, collaborate and comment on information with colleague and audience.
Features of Online Journalist
Dueze (2003) identified three dominant features of online journalism which are;
1.      INTERACTIVITY
2.      MULTIMEDIALITY
3.      HYPERTEXTUALITY
He defines interactivity as the ability for readers or audience of online content to react or interact with and even adapt news content presented to them. The comment selection of online content is a key element of this attribute.
The second feature according to Dueze is Multimediality, which is a technical capability for news content to be delivered in multiple platforms, text, video, audio and animated graphics. He further stated that static textual content will be regarded as a deficiency in Multimediality.
The third features which makes online journalism exception is hypertextuality, Dueze describe it as the ability of news site to connect the story to other story, archieves and so forth through hyperlinks.
Online Journalism Tools
Google advanced: this is an advance search engine that alloes a journalist to rearch for a specific query by using a tag. This tag may be time, date, weather, system etc.
Reverge image search: this news gathering tools allows online journalists to drag their image and put it into the image search bar and enable them to trace where that image has been used across the world.
Tweak Peek; this is one of the important online journalism tool which enables the journalist to know the ones who share their content and comment made about the content. This help journalist to know the issue or content of public interest. Story-full multi-search: this allows a journalist to search for multiple social media platforms in one.
Echosec: online journalist use this to obtain insight and knowledge about real time event. It can also be used to develop lead and generate new information.
Apart from the above online news steaming, area tools includes;
Instant message (IM), Tablets, Advance Twitter, Facebook, Wikis, E-mail, WhatsApp, google alert, Story pull etc.
News Processing Tools
Google public data explorer: it enables journalist to fund and interpret qualitative data from a source and he or she can be able to create a sophisticated visualization using tools attributed by the google public explorer.
Google my Map: this aid journalist to connect to other people in audio and video calls, this happens once the devices are connected together which can be laptop, mobile phone or other computing devices made up interaction.
Other Tools for Online Journalism Include the Following;
Google Does, Echo, Flicker, Thick Free, We Video, Google Fusien, Transcriber etc.
Others believed that CR is one of the most important news tool available to journalist. The book looked at how the internet influence journalist and news gathering as well as considered how audience are fragmented. Web the posits that “web and email is the soul of journalism” this is because journalist obtain this news from web than newspaper.
According to Mike Game, chief operating officer at Fair Fax digital cited by the author said that people prefer the internet for breaking news than traditional media. Maclean 2005 argued that the internet’s great strength is its ability to attract people’s attention during the day for short grabs.
Chapter two addresses generating of ideas and finding experts. Stories produce by computer with CAR can help generate stories ideas from public relation news agendas, giving more details, in-depth and more option to generate news stories. CAR through the help of the internet give journalist the liberty of present day stories generating story ideas from email subscription, news filters, Google scholars, cyber fiber, CNN alert, and or news group online.
How to generate stories using alert: a journalist can generate stories by visiting the homepage to read about interesting places needed by monitoring news organisation.
GROUP FOUR
Question: Give a detailed review of Eugenia Siapera and Andrea Veeglis edited “the hand book of global online journalism”.
INTRODUCTION
The book of Global online journalism is a complete summary of collaboration from learned scholars of journalism from different part of the world. The book was compiled and edited by two eminent Greek scholars, Eugenia Siapera and Andreas Veglis, they are both lecturers at the department of journalism and mass communication at the Aristole University of Thessalonki.
The book centered on how online Journalism started in the field of mass communication looking at different part of the world. The book covered the challenges that traditional/ mainstream media has due to arisen of online journalism. It looks at specific contents with reference to many countries. It also talks on the nature of online journalism and how free it is in term of media control. The book is enormously useful to both professional and amateur of online journalism. The book is highlightable and educative.
CHAPTER ONE: The Evolution of Online Journalism.
According to Eugenia and Andreas, the starting point of online journalism was launching of an immobile website by University of Florida journalism department. Though development and adoption of online journalism commenced as a gradual process, the manifested nature of online activities has changed the history of journalism and rapidly decrease the conventional media. This forced the traditional media to respond and register their presence online by opening an account like Facebook, blog, Twitter and others. This is indeed the prominence of online journalism which change the olden form of traditional media to the modern one.
On Dinosaurs, Extinction and Mutations to understanding the evolution of online journalism. Eugenia and Andreas made a comparison between Dinosaurs and traditional media. Dinosaurs are different species which according to them came to a mysterious end about 65 million years ago, and traditional journalism dominated for over 300 years. Therefore, for a traditional media to survive then it must respond and adapt to the new changing environment, if not, it will die as dinosaurs.
Reviewing Online Journalism Research.
Research on online journalism has touched everywhere in the field of mass communication. Researchers were always trying to find out more about online journalism. According to Eugenia and Andreas, a search using online journalism as a keyword to Google scholars returns over 30,000 results


Technological Oriented Research
Research in new media are always showing the important of technology in conducting areas as a result of technology the world is now closely related. According to Eugenia and Andreas most researchers now pay attention to technology driven-research, which led to criticism of famous technological determinism (Domingo 2006). The researchers focus more on the feature of new media and their impact over traditional media by given link between in interactivity, hyper textuality and multimediality.
Research on Production of Online Journalism
The research on production of online Journalism is to examined condition of online journalism which Eugenia and Andreas believed it could establish the gap between new technologies and online journalism, competitiveness of journalistic market has contributed largely and expansion of online journalism occupational identity has been affected, the issue of gate-keeping is no longer attainable with online journalism but online journalism now lead to co-creation of contents, users have access to content.
Online News Consumption Research
What links the world together is the consumption of news? New media consumption pattern differs from that of traditional media researchers in this aspect aimed at finding the exact effect online journalism having in conventional media on news consumption.
Research and Theory
Empirical studies have been undertaken in the area of online journalism, the field is sub-divided into three basic strands:
1.      Sociology of Journalism
2.      Grounded theory
3.      Theories of Technologies
CONCLUSION
Eugenia and Andreas focuses more on the positive impacts of online journalism and neglect the negative part. The chapter is indeed elaborative, comprehensive in explaining the evolution and providing research driven information about online journalism.
CHAPTER TWO: Media Convergence
This chapter gives a detailed explanation on the concept of media convergence, this include the root, definition, forms and the point of departure offers by scholars. In this regard, the strategies employed by the media were a way of adapting to one of the major changes in journalism which is convergence. Many journalists sees these measures as risky, even though the aim was intended to improved the quality and diversity of news content, some critical mind sees convergence as a business manipulation to pop up the dormant medium motivated by increasing journalists productivity while minimizing cost. In journalism, convergence have been seen as a product, a system and a process. Five factors were said to be set anyone who is trying to formulate definition for convergence, they includes; Polysemy, Polymorphism, Complexity, Instability and Proximity.
Four types of convergence were identified; technological: multiple platform.
Business convergence: concentration, professional convergence: Polyvalence, convergence of contents: multimedia, therefore, convergence in journalism is a multi-dimensional process facilitated by a widespread implementation of digital communication technologies affected the technological business, Professional and editorial aspect of the media.


CHAPTER THREE: (Challenges Value) The Good Journalist Online
In this chapter, John O’Sullivan try to identified challenges of values of good online journalism relation to scholar’s argument.
McQuil (1994) cited in O’Sullivan say that one of the role of online journalism is to solve human interest such as media ownership, commercialization, self-interest, cultural problem and cultural dependency. The job of real journalist is not a child play. It is more than the issue of just covering event and reporting it. It involves proper security of materials, analysis, gate keeping and presentation of information to the public in an understandable manner filter, then published.
O’Sullivan cited that among the risky issues, if tempting, to frame ideas and observation of online journalism, lack of gate keepers in online journalism and others.

CHAPTER FOUR: (Experiencing Journalism) A New Model for Online News Papers

Sue Robinson in this theoretical essay focuses on a new model for news production, dissemination and consumption online. He also highlights the power of web technology in news sourcing and consumption and how it gives chances for news sources and audiences to participate and interact in news production.
The model explains the features of online;
1.      Multi-media
2.      Interactivity
3.      Convergence etc.
Robinson’s model incorporates both content and connective functions of journalism with a new content nation on public experience under content, connectivity there exists a dialogue between journalism and audience (Deuze, 2003) the model of online journalism also explains how traditional journalism orient an instrument function. He also positions journalist’s roles and their ultimate control over the news. After Deuze’s article in 2003, Robinson updated Deuze work.
Lastly, Robinson new model for online journalism is rich in content and contained clear images about world of online journalism, furthermore, we would like to recommend citizen online journalist.
CHAPTER FIVE: (The Field of Online Journalism: A Bourdieusian Analysis)
Eugenia Siapera and Lia-Pascha Lia Spyridou
For the most of nineteenth and the whole of twentieth century, journalism was increasing its power and make itself as one democracies. This work will begin with a discussion of the sociology of profession and its applicability to online journalism.
Is (Online) Journalism A Profession?
Looking at our society and the fact growth in term of development in technology, anyone that did not adapt to a change in the advancement in technology will totally be left out. For example, online journalism brings the news and information to us at our finger tips even when we don’t want to read or see them in fact even our email is not exempted. While there is a degree of assignment that a profession refers to an occupational body with some special skills (Abbott, 1988:7), the detailed are still disputed.
Journalism’s Path to Professionalization.
Historically, journalism was developed as part and parcel of modernity (Anderson, 1983) but it was not until the mid-nineteenth century that it assumed its current characteristic and outlook. Thus, while the national union of journalism (NUJ) stands for journalist and their right, the chartered institute is a broader organization representing also senior media managers and owners.
Field theory and journalism: conceptual tools society as a whole is dominated by the meta field of power, which presently dominated by capitalism and economic class. Thus, this introduce new element in the field, enrich the field capital and force it to reposition itself in relation and other sub-field, field and the field of power.
The field of journalism: an empirical sketch the starting point of this empirically informed discussion is that fields are primarily define by the amount and kinds of capital they possess. The first issue here is to estimate the amount of economic. Capital circulating in online journalism. But given the links between this kind of journalism and technology, we may consider technical skills use and how as part of this embedded cultural capital.
Social Capital
If cultural capital refers to what people know, social capital refers to what people know to the end of social network for journalist such resources of membership of formal and informal network.
Symbolic Capital
It is a kind of capital that is governed by the logic of knowledge and recognition in this definition, (Calhoun 2002) describes symbolic capital as the recourses made available as a result of prestige or recognition.
CONCLUSION
As online evolves, it generates and accumulate its own capital slowly but surely establishes its own roles and logic. This logic will be at least in part dictated by this field. This new value combining or reinventing traditional journalist emerged.
CHAPTER SIX: Online Journalism and Civic Right
Joao Carlos Correia
Online journalism came as a result of technological change which endowed civic potentialities encourage more dynamic forms of civic participation and promotion of deliberated democracy. This chapter explain further on the nature of online journalism which satisfied the requirement of a strong democracy; public use reason than power.
Communication Model of Democracy
The relationship between media and democracy is inevitable, whereby the media provide network where the information of democratic opinion takes place. Communication is the life wire of democracy, it is with the communication that can only bear the task of been democracy.
Public Sphere: What is it?
The author provide different understanding of scholars about the term called “Public Sphere” the author sees public sphere as identification and dictation of problems who’s influence should continue to be reflected in the subsequent treatment of the issue take place within the political system (Habermas, 1996:359). This come into being due to the development of internet where every member of the society is given a chance to comment, observe, suggest or criticize a particular happening in the political system.
Online journalism; a new way to increase citizenship, the author identified some problem mated on democracy by traditional media due to it nature of omniscience. Therefore, some scholars suggest an alternative to those undesirable features, which includes citizen journalism and participatory/ Public journalism.
Online Journalism and Deliberation; Limit and Possibilities.
Although online journalism has a nature of simplicity, immediacy, interactivity etc. there are also limitation which many criticism to it

Limitation.
Among the limitation of online journalism is relating on the kind of dichotomy between journalist and public which fail to consider other mechanism of power involved in the news making process. There is also a risk in terms of accuracy due to it mediacy. Another limitation is that some people cannot voice out their opinion when they feel like they belong to minority group.
Possibilities
On the other hand, scholars also see the myriad of possibilities brought by online journalism as follows;
1.      The absence of social cues and the anonymity that one may have in online chat room forum etc. could moderate the effect of isolation inherent to the effect of the spiral of silence.
2.      It entailed the people discuss comfortably with people they are familiar.
What Is Civic in Online Journalism?
The author view civic in online journalism as the technological nature of online journalism which allows the cultivation of experimentalism and multimedia technique that may constitute the distinguishing nature of alternative forms of culture and representation of political identities.
CONCLUSION
Having gone through piece, it can be said that it is very exciting and interesting with the kind of treatment given to two concept “democracy society” and “online journalism”. In which the author write about under different sub-topic.

CHAPTER SEVEN: De-Democratization the News? News Media and The Structural Practice of Journalism
Natalie Fenton
Firstly, to democratize in a normal sense means to put a country on the control of its citizen by allowing them participate in government or decision making process in the free and equal way. Therefore, to democratize the news in this content means allowing people to participate in journalism activities; to collate, process and disseminate news. A lot study has been done in the UK concerning new media and journalism, and one the largest research found that the new media has indeed modified news and journalism, that is the structural practice of journalism has been modified (Fenton, 2010; Philip, Lee-wright and Witschgwe, 2011).
Some of the positive changes or modification is the finding of new voices, increased possibilities for civic society to campaign and publicize their work and the digital age also has the potential to save news. Despite the positive modification, the new media has brought several injuries and crises to news and structural of journalism as a whole. These includes the reduction of news business, increased news commercialization, changes of focus from public interest to organizational economic interest, devaluing the investigative reporting as well as foreign and local news. The bridged of this work is that new age journalism has no regard for secrecy and no democracy can succeed without secrecy. The people need secrecy also, hence, democratizing the news is not only people themselves but to journalist and journalism profession as a whole.
CHAPTER EIGHT (Crises, Radical Online Journalism and the State)
Lee Salter
This chapter describe the major feature of online journalism. He further describes the internet as realm of freedom and the cyber-libertarianism which believe that internet freedom is freedom from state action, not our affairs. Lee Salter here in this chapter tries to draw perspective and view radical journalism and understanding the liberal state cooperate media and Hegemony. Therefore, the social media can be useful for alternative media practitioner and activist alongside various public society. Equilibrium of information inequality is being address by the free access of citizens to the field. There is no doubt that radical journalism especially through the new media has offered platform and opportunities for the citizens to question the hegemony and dominance of the state which the mainstream media are seemingly not able to handle and has been instrumental to revolutions around the globe at different times like Arab uprising, Egypt and Libya. Let’s not also forget that the rate at which radical journalism especially through the news.
The internet is described as a reality of freedom, a word that exist as a result of nature and by the virtue of its natural existence, it is regarded as an environment where individual are free to express themselves and their opinion without government control. Also in online context, individual should be granted liberty of conscience, thought opinion and speech. It is a democratic form of communication where access to information that were initially denied are real and are made available, by this there’s no governmental regulating the online the environment.
Thomas Jefferson opines that if he was left to choose between government and the media, he rather go for the media because media is a surveillance agent and also act as watch dog over the society, the media house is not just about radio, television, and newspaper, it extended to the new media we have today which the internet. With fast growth of internet and the big role it plays in journalism, it has given room to the classless to speak and air out their views on certain decision. It has made it possible for fast circulation of news event.
With online journalism, journalist are becoming mediators of public opinion and watchdogs of political process, they check the political activities and represent the wider interest of the general public by providing what are necessary i.e., what the people ought to know on the internet. This therefore means that journalism should be practice in every environment free of government control.
The group went further to outline some features of online journalism which include:-
·         Civil or participatory journalism this allow the active participation of individual, they (individually) are actively involves in posting news, opinion and articles and give them room to become journalist due to the chance given to them to participate immensely.
·         Journalism blogging the producers of content believed and see themselves as media professional who have undergone the necessary training and they abide by the ethics of the profession.
·         Video journalism: This is not oriented, but include both visual and audio, here, content can be produce by both professional and citizens, e.g YouTube where citizen equally contribute by categorizing their contents in different theme.
·         News aggregators: This is known as multiplicity of news, that is getting news from different media outlets or getting news from various source raging from political, economics, sports health and culture. E.g. Googles-news.
·         Mainstream online journalism: The mainstream media includes radio, newspapers, with the internet, television, magazine, are shifting from their normal way of packaging content to a more fashionable one, they now produce well baked-publisher’s editors and journalist to do their job.
·         Open and crowd source journalism: This refers to multiplicity of ideas by users, users that have one thing spectacular to share, here, users become co-authors of producing news content or news stories.
·         Social media journalism: this form of online journalism is called produce by professional and amateur journalism, in a distributed manner, users are also producers of news stories.
Section three went further to explain how the technology has led to convergence and this convergence has affected journalism in terms of work. That is, news gathering, research, production process, it has been argued that journalist no longer conduct thorough research and carry out investigative reporting, but rather prefers to rely on online tools for research and equally how this technology has made fast flow of news and has led to the development of multi-skilled journalist.
Section four addresses technology and transformation of news work; these two elements are labour condition in online journalism charging. The section tries to look at how the working condition of journalists are charging due to digitization and commercialization of the media, it talk about how advancement in technology has helped journalist or change the way they select, gather and report news on daily basis.
Section five look at journalism and cross media publishing (the case of Greece). The section explains how the information and communication technology has change the traditional way of collecting, processing and distributing media content. Veglis was the term journalism and cross media publishing to describe the multimedia nature of online journalism. Cross media publishing according to Vedis refers to the process of producing any content like images, audio, videos and text in a single medium for more than one media platform. How journalists have endorsed diverse ways of gathering and attending to news stories in recent time.
Section six went further to outline the economic online journalism. The section provides details of online economics journalism, to everything that has an advantage, has disadvantage. It is no doubt that the recent advancement on technology has changed the way of news gathering processing, and distributing of news content, this also has affected the print media. This is because the readership and the consumers of this content are becoming poor and low consequently leading to the management of print suffering. Notwithstanding, the online journalism should endeavor to provide service that should enable user to access local, national and international new stories, and to cope with the challenges of financing the sector, and also stop providing news stories for free.
The section further states that crowd sourcing investigating journalism which has to do with allowing individual to participate in the process of achieving common goal by a news organization or formal organization. Although, through the online environment, journalism should strive to go in-depth and investigate an event thoroughly before sending out to the comsumer.
Still in section five, media accountability, practices in online news media, this subsection focus on the issue of the media that are good, bad, and ugly hereby, losing their privilege as a hub of communication whereby, news or media organizations will work hard to gain back their credibility, because in recent times, most media organizations have lost their credibility especially the baby organizations that are just coming up who in most cases added to the un-professionalization and unethical operation of the profession. This calls for media organization to strive to convince its audience by evaluating, feedback and discussion, ensuring that each news content going out for public consumption have possess credibility factuality and accountability, so as to maintain the privilege position of being a hub of communication.
This section is talking about the reader’s ability to build up a relationship with the content of the news story. It also went further to identify the four levels of interactivity which includes: conversation, consultation, transmission and registration. In which the most important level to the content is consultation because; it is simply interactivity (the use of hypertext) which increases the remembrance of news content. Misbath (2005). In this section, the memory (archiving) was also discussed, stating that the memory is the capability of creating a permanent accessibility stock of information for users. Ubiquity is the capacity to make some content available at a global scale and accessed simultaneously from any place connected to the internet.
It went further to explain the language for web journalism. That the unique language has been a major road-block for web journalism development. That there can be a change only by following what Salaveria (2005) identify as the characteristic of online journalism.
Lawrey and Choi (2006) argued that online news story should be less linear, more interactive and more connected with other web sites with the use of hypertext to create several reading paths which the audience will find easy to get what they want. It went ahead to explain the writing techniques with hypertext, that readers are always seeking connection that will suite their own online interest and individuals have their own paths of reading, due to individual interest, choices and decision, journalist must adopt different techniques that is providing a connecting thread that will allow the reader to know more about the content of a specific paths of a story.
It also went further to discuss the link usage and marking. That every journalists goal is to provide the readers with a quick and efficient understanding of his message, that the writing style must be clear and concise. For online journalist, making and linking of messages is very crucial because it gives the reader more information and it increases citizen journalism participation, make work easier for the journalist and provides the reader with more sources of information within a brief message.
It also disclosed the multimediality of content. It states that there are certain rules in which the integration of multimedia content in the story should follow, the multimedia message in web news includes; video, sound and graphics complement the test information. That in multimedia content, photo should be used to illustrate the “who” of a news story. Thus, justifying a link placed on the main news character and video on the moving images produces reality more accurately. The nitty gritty of linking words on the net must be observe e.g linked items are typed in different colour, links can be marked icon or labels, they served as clues to the readers.
The work also discusses the paradox of personalization that is, the social and reflexive turn of an adaptive news. The chapter basically talked about the personalization of information and how effective the internet will be to its consumers in the future. Some argued that it will be revolutionary, this means consumers will no longer be seen as passive but instead use the toll to interact and produce their quota to the masses. The following scholars or authors (Deuze, 2003: 68; Meikle, 2009: 178; Singer, 2003: 147) see personalization as part of survey of interactivity; the features include, moving images, audio, and hyperlinks.
Building on the work of Bucy (2004), they see personalization as a form of user to user and system interactivity that uses a set of technological features to adapt the content, delivery and arrangement of communication to individual user explicitly registered or implicitly determined preferences. Also, the Long man dictionary defines personalization as an act of putting your name or initials on something or decoration of something in your own way. The key debate examines the growth personalized news and went straight to ask the following question:
1.      As we have seen, of how active media audiences are in consumption of news, or whether they are just passive consumer happily accepting contents determined by editors?
2.      Why does mass media organisation adopt such strategies? Are they profitable and consistent with their norms, ways of doing things or have they required?
3.      To what extend does personalization challenged the widely accepted theory that journalist act as gate keepers for the public, limiting their access to news?
The massive information that is now available by the reason of the success of world-wide web has been of a great help to journalism. The availability of world wide web has reduced the journalist without stress are able to provide information in a simple and inexpensive way.
The group reviewed that according to Salavarria (2008) characteristics of a web journalist were identified, these are: multimediality, hypertextuality, and interactivity. The group added that Bardoel and Deuze (2001) added the forth characteristic to be costuming content. Other scholars went further to add memory which is archival by Machado, instantivity by Diaz Noci (2002) ubiquity by Zanith (2008) not minding the contribution of these scholars, the first three characteristics were unanimously agreed by all scholars.
·         Hypertextuality: they defined it as hyperlink of two stock of information together.
·         Multimediality: they looked at this as the ability to include divers content in a news story.
·         Interactivity: this has to do with the reader’s ability to build relationship with the content of the news story.
·         Memory: this has to do with the capability of creating a permanent accessibility of information to internet users.
For journalist to be able to keep his audience, he should be able to create different reading point, Lawray and Choi (2006). He further argued that online news stories should be less linear, more interactive, more connected with other website that have hyperlinks. These is because readers have their own specific goals and so develop their own reading pattern. He challenged journalist that the use of hypertext is not good enough but that it is important to consider the technique that will suits a particular news story. However, Canavihas (2001), Garci (2002) et’al posits that; journalists should include the what, who, when and where element in the news to keep the reader busy.
Having in mind the fact that reader are looking for connection as well as their own peculiar reading points, online journalist must endevour to adopt different news writing techniques that will allow the reader to know more about the story. On this different writing techniques, Canavihas (2006) suggested that the horizontal pyramid be adopted instead of the tradition inverted pyramid method. He further argued that the less important information should come first on the pyramid while the least important information should come least. He further to suggest that information should be organized in levels. i. e “the basic units”, “explanation level”, “contextualization level”, and “exploration level”. These answers the (5Ws and H).
GROUP FIVE
Question: Online Journalism strive on the development of web technologies. Give a historical analysis of the different technologist that gave to each of the web. Discuss how each development affect the practice of online journalism
Haven conducted an indebt study on group five’s work, we deduce that they were able to deliver an exposition to the web right from its inception, also we did not forget to discuss how it development affected the practice of journalism. Thurs, they were many statements that we believe should have been backed up, for instance “technological advances have been linked to the ability to disseminate information rapidly” “it is no doubt that the internet technology has taken over the practice of journalism” and “the world-wide web over the past few years has alterly transform the world of journalism”. Therefore, this work is an attempt to review the work of historical analysis of the different technologies that gave birth to the web.
Here, the work was able to bring to light the historical foundation of the web by giving the background of internet inception in the late 50s, hits a turning in 1969 when ARPANET (Advanced research project agency network) connected UCLA to standard Research Institute Argumentation Research Center and became official in 1983, when all host hocked up to ARPANET where switched over to TCP/IP.
Note that the world-wide web is not synonymous with the internet but is the most prominent part of the internet that can be defined as a system that enhances human cognition, communication, and cooperation. According to Tim-Berners Lee’s view of the capability of the world-wide web was express by three innovations, typically associated with three phases: the web document (web 1.0), the web of people (web 2.0) and the web of data (web 3.0)
Web 1.0
Web 1.0 is known as the first generation of world wide web which was basically defined as information space in which the items interest referred to as resources identify by global identifier called uniform resource identifier (URI’s)
Web 2.0
The web 2.0 was defined by the Dale Dougherty in 2004 as a read write web. The web 2.0 has flexible web design, creative re-use, update, collaborative content creation and modification were facilitated through web 2.0 the main technologies and services of web 2.0 includes; Blogs, really simple syndication (RSS), wikis, mashups, tags, Folksonomy and Tag Clouds
Web 3.0
Web 3.0 which was coined by John Mark of new times in 2006, refers to the suppose generation of internet based services that collectively comprises “intelligent web”. Web. 3.0 uses artificial intelligence technologies which facilited understanding of information in order to provide a more productive and intuitive user experience. Web 3.0 is known as semantic. The semantic web provides a common frame work that allows data framework that allows data to be shared and re-used across applications, enterprise and communities’ boundaries Choudhurry (2014).
Note that the main purpose of this web is make the web readable not only by Humans but also machine (Aghaie 2012) the following are features of web 3.0 identified by Tanser 2016. Microblogging, virtual reality world, customization or personalization, mobility and on demand collaboration.
Web 4.0
Web 4.0 is also known as the symbiotic web. The symbiotic web mean the interaction between human and machines in symbiosis, that is, a situation where machines interact with humans in symbiosis.
The world-wide web (www) over the past few years has utterly transformed the world of journalism. it is no doubt that technology has taken over the practice of journalism, as the internet changes, journalists equally change, the way the package and disseminate news online. Through this changes in the internet, new ideas and method of online journalism practice came on board.
In the transitional history of the internet, there are always perspective as to the evolution of the internet. The almighty internet is one of the greatest developments in the history of man; with the advent of the world web, journalism practice has reach its peak. History has it that Tim Lee, a British computer scientist on 12th march 1989 proposed a concept to make the CERN communication. System a more effective and reliable tool for information. He used three innovations to explain the World Wide Web which are; the web of documents, the web of people and the web of data.
Some of the technologies that took place to bring on bound what we today called the internet will be discussed separately as it is in the reviewed to work of group 5
1.       web 1.0- this is the oldest technology in the development of the World Wide Web. It was implemented in 1989 and lasted to 2005. Lee describe this technology as the web of “read only.” The effect of the internet on the practice of online journalism earn be classified into positive and negative effect.
Positive Effect
i.                    The New Reach –the internet has help make online journalism practice to reach a wider audience across the globe. This has caused a revolution in journalism practice.
ii.                  The New Speed – the internet has also helped to make journalism faster. News is no mare what happened few hours back but what is happening now. Live views of event are sent with high speed and accuracy.
iii.                New voice of the internet has made journalist managers of media content rather waiting on media owner to dictate for them what they are to disseminate. Access to information and the capacity tom publish are no longer the privilege of a selected few (staff 2015).
iv.                Other role of the internet technology on online journalism practice is that it helps supplying online journalist with sort out data and have stories. With linked date, the web is more semantic. Journalist can use this to a hyperlinked website to obtain interesting information. The internet technology helped to put to birth what we today called entrepreneurial journalism. Journalist today, Crete media content that will serve the online market environment to make money. Journalist is now entrepreneurs.
Negative Effect
The issue of non-accountability in the internet has made many people that are not mindful of ethics to go into the spread of error false information and lies has become the order of the day on social media. Another negative effect of the technology on journalism practice is what Andrew keen described as the blind leading the blind. “In the “cult of the amateur” he pictured it as “infinite monkey providing infinite information for infinite readers, “perpetuating the circle of misinformation and ignorance (keen2007)
GROUP SIX
Question:
About the authors:
The book under review is chiefly the work of numerous contributors (71), collected and edited by Jonathan Gray, Liliana Bounegru and Lucy chambers while the graphic illustrations are by Kate Hudson.
About the Book: The book is published by O’Reilly Media, California in the United States of America, in the year 2012.
Introduction: (Chapter One)
In this book, the contributors attempt to pinpoint what the field of data Journalism is, while emphasizing the need for data in Journalism. The field as the book reveals, involves mining data for news and putting that news in context for the audience such that the data does not remain a series of digits and facts.
Even in the profession of journalism, journalism will guess less, look for quotes less and instead, build a strong position supported by data which no one will be able to refute.
Why Is Data Journalism Important?
Some leading Journalism practitioners state why they think data Journalism is important.
1.      Aron Philofer, New York Times says it gives new approaches to storytelling.
2.      Jerry Vermanen is of the view that data Journalism updates one’s skill set.
3.      Tim Berners-Lee, Founder of the World Wide Web says data Journalism is the future.
4.      An answer to data driven PR-Nicolas Kayser.
5.      A way to see things you might not otherwise see- Cheryl Phillips.
Data Journalism Is About Mass Data Literacy: -
Data Journalism has an important role in helping to lower the barriers to Understanding and Driving into data and increasing the data literacy of their readers on a very large mass scale.
CHAPTER 2: In the Newsroom
In this chapter we see how data Journalism sits within news rooms around the world, and how it is uniquely adopted to fit into each of these newsrooms-(ABC), (BBC), The Chicago Tribune, The Guardian, The Texas Tribune, and Zeit Online.
            The ABC is Australia’s national public broadcaster comprised of a myriad of Journalism, data and computer professionals importantly they had reference group of Journalists and others whom they consulted on usual basis. At the BBC the term “Data Journalism” broadly covers projects that use data to do the following:-
1.      Enable a reader to discover information that is personally relevant.
2.      Reveal a story that is remarkable and previously relevant on the BBC website, data has been used for over ten years to provide service and tools for users. These tools appeal to the time poor, who may choose not to spend time over lengthy analysis.
The Chicago Tribune is made up of a band of hackers embedded in the newsroom; they work closely with editors and reporters to help research and report stories, illustrate Stories online and build evergreen web resources.
            Zeit online, on the other hand, as its approach to Data Journalism launched the PISA based wealth comparison project to compare standards of living in different countries using questionnaires filled by fifteen year old to assess their situation at home. “Transparency, credibility and user’s engagement” are the watchwords of this online Journalists.
How to Hire a Hacker: Here are few ideas as suggested by Aron Pihofer:
·         Post on Job websites
·         Contact relevant organizations
·         Local Internet communities.
·         Join relevant groups/networks.
The handbook emphasizes that hiring a hacker or developer is not enough but he has to be good at his job, rather than waiting to be spoon-fed-with instructions.
Following the Money- Data Journalism and Cross-Border Collaboration
            Investigative journalists and citizens are interested in uncovering organized crime and corruption that affect lives of billions. To achieve this, there has to be utmost access to information. There are guidelines, if followed that can lead to through investigative journalism.
1)      Think outside your country.
2)      Make use of the existing investigative journalism networks e.g. The African Forum For investigative reporting, The Arab reporters and The Global Investigate Journalism network.
3)      Make use of technology and collaborate with hackers who know how to obtain and handle information
Using this guideline, it prevents the criminals from pin pointing a specific person who because the journalist work with other colleagues abroad. Data Journalism may not work at works at first but will build trust and command readers over time.

CHAPTER 4
Carried out research on a book, “The data Journalism Handbook” which was written by numerous contributors and edited by Jonathan Gray, Liliana Bournegru and Lucy Chambers.
The review of this work is based on data journalism and how journalist use data to improve the news. It states guides on how to source for data on web and format that will be likely be presented in the process of searching. It also high lights how easily data wield by public entity can be accessed it states that it is accessible through public affair person or the freedom of information a cv despite the accessibility obstacles and bureaucracy may delay receipt of the data needed, what can be needed and may not be given in the format requested quite number of countries are launching data inspired by the U.S’s data government and the U.K’s data government to promote the civic and commercial reuse of government information, Data Journalism makes it easy to find, share and re-use openly available sources of data especially in ways that machine automated. In order to become a data Journalist, it is a must that he or she learns about the government understanding the technical and administrative context in which government maintain their information. This chapter highlights embarking a brief research about data its existence, its availability, previous research on it before filling a formal request. This will make one’s expectation realistic, because you know what to expect and what is expected of the Journalist. This chapter advises the journalists to know his or her right, such as the required time which he or she is meant to receive the requested data, the format, Journalist make sure they know this before embarking on search for data.
            It also highlights the importance of knowing your right when you are publishing data, you should worry about copy right and other right in data because that data may belong to the government, organization and this and this should be put into consideration to avoid copy right infringement.
CHAPTER FIVE
This chapter focuses on the understanding of data, in order for a data Journalist to get stories from data, the Journalist must understand the data and in understanding the data the Journalist must literate. Data literacy is the ability to consume knowledge, produce coherently and think critically about the data. Data literacy includes statistical literacy but also understanding how to work with large data sets and how they are produced. In becoming a data journalist, one does not need a degree in statistics to become more efficient when dealing with data.
The handbook explains that a bit of skepticism around numbers is good because it makes the data journalism them with caution. There are some basic steps to be considered while working with data. It involves three basic concepts
1.      Data Requests should begin with a list of question you want to answer, working with data is like interviewing a live source. You ask questions of the data and get it to reveal the answer just as the source can give answers about which he has information; a database can only answer questions for which it has the right record and proper variable. I.e. you need to consider carefully what questions you need to answer before acquiring your data. It’s often a good idea to request for all variables and records in the database.
2.      Clearing Messy Data: One of the biggest problems in database work is that often you will be using data gathered for bureaucratic reasons for analysis. The problem is that, the first piece of work a data Journalist is to undertake when you acquire new data set is to examine how messy it is and then clean it up. A good quick way to look for messiness is to create frequency tables of the categorical variables and also Data may have undocumented features: The data dictionary will tell how the data format file is formatted, in order of the variables, the name each variable and the data type of each variable a data Journalist will use this information to properly import the data files into analysis software intended to be used.
3.      To draw readers in, you have to be able to hit them with a headline figure that will make them sit up and take notice stories can be constructed by approaching the dataset with specific queries in mind. Visualizing data provides a unique perspective on the data set. Table are very powerful when you are dealing with a relatively small number of data analyzing and interpret what you see, the next step is to learn something from the picture created. Documentation will tell you where you have travelled to, what you have seen here and how made your decisions for the next steps. Insight gathered from the last visualization one might have an idea of what you want to see next, you might have found some interesting pattern in data set which you now want to inspect.
CHAPTER SIX
When presenting or delivering data to the public data journalist is confronted with question of whether or not to visualize and how opinions of various data journalism of reputable media. The hand book advises:
·         Using motion graphics.
·         Telling the world by building oneself as a reputable data bank.
·         Publishing the data in a way that the reader is most able to relate with it.
·         Opening up the data in line with social science traditions so that anyone else can verify it.
Starting an open data platform to show data is gotten and used so that readers who might can use it. Making the data human by never forgetting the human interest, open data, open source, open news. The next step in this chapter is how to build a news app, the handbook gives information on how to build a news application, the form the app will take is subject to the developer but he or she must bear in mind that the format of the app will encourage the reader to interact with the data or leave it. This handbook highlights various powerful data visualizations used by established media organization by using different charts to tell different tables. Some of the famous charts and graphs came out of the need to better explain dense table authors like will William play fair was one of the foremost author to use visualization (1786).
In visualizing data, data visualization tools must be used which are easy and to use and free. E.g. Google fusion tables, an online database and mapping tool which they use when it comes to producing quick and detailed map another example mentioned in the handbook is table public which is free and can make pretty complex visualization. Also, Google spread sheet e.t.c Data Journalism which is a form of new Journalism should be about bringing new information to the reader as quickly as possible we also made to understand here that it is enough to dump data on the readers by achieving this trust must be built and ensuring that the content reflects what they want.
              In conclusion, a pivot point made in this handbook is that data journalism is not all about dumping figures and visuals on audience but about funding the stories in them as they relate to various audience, audience relate better with stories with visualizations so as to make meaning of data. It is important to note that after dissemination of the information, reaction from audiences should be taken to sharpen the incisive nature of the stories.
GROUP SEVEN
QUESTION: Give the detailed review of Andrew Keen’s “the internet is not the answer”.
Marshall Mclulian’s global village concept was the main framework of this chapter with a historical insight, ericsson, founded in 1876 by a Swedish Engineer named Lais Magnus ericsson. According to keen, Ericsson mobile provides mobile networks to internet services providers and as of 2013, had a global revenue of 35 billion dollars. Ericssion provides mobile networks to internet service Providers (ISPS) and Telecoms like AT and T, Deutsche Telekom and Telefonia. Keen also provides the historical development, recognizing the effort of the internet. The internet was initially developed as a defense mechanism during the World War II, as a result of threatening attacks. Keen also sees Paul Baran as the father of the father of the internet and recognition of the World Wide Web and his inventor.
CHAPTER TWO
The one percent economy revealed that the internet companies aim is to maximize profit, this coguement was also affirmed by Hewlett Packard exclusive, Perkins. He also added that the new digital economy is a cooperative venture and a win-win, although his assertion was wrong and the digital economy was anything but a cooperative venture, a top to down system that is concentrating wealth instead of spreading it. The central idea here is that the internet service providers are using it to a mass wealth for themselves. Therefore, the internet has formed another avenue for accumulation of wealth, which makes it a product with economic value.
CHAPTER THREE
The replacement of the middle class works by machines, this chapter explains the setbacks upon the advent of the internet which include companies going bankrupt, unemployment, reduction in economic viability, etc. The struggle between man and machines, although the machines rate at a higher advantage with historical examples like Kodak, the photography company, which Keen blames the internet for the challenges faced by the company. This chapter is the main focus of the book as it reflects Andrew Keen’s notion of the internet and its negative impact. The group has also succeeded in highlighting the negligence of the author on the positive effects of the internet which overrides the negative although many. 
CHAPTER FOUR
“Social networks like Instagram can’t, of course, be entirely blamed for this epidemic of narcissism and voyeurism now afflicting our culture”, Andrew Keen states, including other scholars stating that Instagram enables us to take photos that all dishonest advertisement for ourselves neglecting the fact that other phone apps also help enhance dishonest representations of ourselves.
The Internet Is Not the Answer: Catastrophe of Abundance
Andrew Keen gave a brief history of his background. He was born in England at Soho which is not just historical center of the city fashion business, but the heart of movie and music industries.
            Solo was a town filled with entertainment activities especially songs of Elton John, David Bowie, Jimi Hendrox and so on were played often at the club.
Andrew Keen’s family owned a store called Falber’s Fabrics, the same area where his grandfather Victor Falber, who is a polish immigrant, who was a silk wooden market trader owned a shop in early twentieth century, were most senates patronize.
            The same year Berwick Street was created and known as Golden Milk of Vinji, was the same year Tim Berners-Lee invented the web. That year was also the golden age of media, because of independent newspaper shop in Britain, and also because the centre of independent musical life in London. In that same year, Soho did not only become a town of buying and selling music but also making new friends.
            Andrew Keen got a job as an advertising sales man at a publication founded and published by Lary Kay known as “The magazine of music and sound”. In 1996 Larry Kay began his internet career. Business 2.0 was a newspaper article that appeared in the mid-nineties was given to Andrew Keen by his boss Larry Kay. Larry later put him in charge of establishing a web strategy for F1 and they worked together to enable the possibility of profit. Andrew Keen revealed that it is not hard to be an internet expert, he later left Amazon which was the only online shop then to build his own internet company named audio café, and the challenges of sells online came up.
            In 2011, it was noted by the U.S chamber of commerce that online privacy was becoming an epidemic, only privacy became very high in this year. Multibillion dollar internet companies are part of the privacy crew e.g. Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, etc. Prior to this social network it was glaring that google started privacy as of that time because it was the only search engine and advertising company too.
CHAPTER SIX
The One Parent Economy,
This Chapter entails how the internet is having a disastrous impact on our culture. To this effect, Andrew Keen formed an opinion in 2005 at FOO (friends of O’reily Camp) which focused on “media” and “democracy” with the question can help us create a better world in this digital age and everyone freedom to speak said the internet is the answer.
In 2014, consumer electronics show in Las Vegas was organized to make privacy a score commodity. Technological devises were put in commodities like hat, television, cars etc for surveillance of the consumer’s habit.
            Contemporary internet “data monsters” are becoming wealthier and in partnership with government, Andrew Keen warns that with making everything networked to data is disturbing and soon private life may soon become a thing of the past.
CHAPTER EIGHT
Epic Fail
            This Chapter reveals the misleading lies of Silicon Valley. In the attempt to aid deceit failure is success. Silicon Valley has given us a clue of how some the richest entrepreneurs even have toyed with the idea of creating a new type of secessionism.
Andrew Keen is mostly angry about what happened to music, since he grew up at the golden age of Soho record shops and founded his own music startup Audio café. Keen condemned the effect of internet of jobs but failed to acknowledge the complexity of a dynamic economy where a creative destruction of an old order gives birth to new opportunities. Andrew Keen’s book is a call for action in which if under looked or not attended may have a damaging effect.
            Conclusively in as much as there are criticism and negative effects on the internet it has proven itself to be the answer. The entrepreneur of web 2.0 transformed the web into a profitable venture. He opines that technology has benefited just a small group of people forgetting the positive aspect of demo-crating the media of the web which broke the monotonous nature of web 1.0.
            Andrew Keen criticized web 2.0 saying it was meant to democratize media and empower those without voice has now become a tool for profit making for some groups ignoring its essence. Keen says that the internet has killed old media adding that the media brought avenue for racist abuse, anti-Semitism compounding hatred towards the defenseless people and economic inequalities. He further says the internet has brought hatred and so many negative effect; take for instance The Arab Spring which was as a result of internet and deception creating voice for the voiceless. Andrew Keen states that the Web 2.0 has grown beyond what Tim O’Reily created.
CHAPTER SEVEN
Crystal Man
This contains the unresolved debate between the technology world over the origin and inventor of the internet. Erich Mielke, the head of department East Goma Secret Police called Stasi was who Andrew Keen was particular about. He compared the old Stasi operations to the presale Insatiable thirst of data barons like Google, Facebook, etc.
GROUP EIGHT
Question: Give a detailed review On Stephen Quinn And Stephen Lamble’s “Online News Gathering, Research and Reporting for Journalism”.
CHAPTER ONE
How the Internet Is Changing Journalism and How It Affects You.
The group defined the concept of what journalism is currently. As we all know journalism has developed from the conventional way into a more easier approach with use of computers. In their review, authors was cited “every form of journalism today whether print, broadcast or online site involve the use of computer”.
The concept of computer assisted reporting was defined as the use of computers in gathering, processing and reporting of information. It was also reported that author wrote that the internet world is the most significant human development since Gutenberg invention of the moveable type in the fifteenth century (Quinn 2001). The group identified one of the major changes to be a multimedia form of journalism, which the internet aids or influence. This also affects how news is gathered and audience fragmenting, which should change the mindset of the journalist to please the fragmented audience.
The group concluded the chapter with an interest that has affected journalism, people would prefer this day to read news stories on the web with the aid of a mobile phone which is easier to carry about than big books. More research are done online because nobody want to carry big books of go to the library, the internet will take you were you want.
Finding: the group have refused to take a stand for or against the internet and journalism. They also did not point out the negative impact of the internet on journalism.
Chapter 2: generating ideas and finding from experts: the computer is a very reliable tool tom generate story ideas, which are highly objective and not bias. With computer assisted reporting, journalism broader the sources of information and gives an expert view on the information gathered. Story ideas can be generated by subscribing to a mailing list (listerve) of any subject a journalism is monitoring. Another one is online news group (usernet), news filter also helps to find information, homepage of conventional news sites e.t.c
The group concluded that the internet can be used to find expert and spokesperson for interview through emails, data base on the web, or through internet phone call e.g slype.
The way of generating ideas are not clearly stated, rather ways of getting already written news stories are been discussed. How then can we have a breaking news online if it has not been reported already. The person of the expert in question is not clarify. Do they mean expert in online journalism, or expert on the subject internet which the online journalist is trying to make research on?
CHAPTER TEN
CAR come with legal implications as some materials published are legal or illegal to different countries. Online journalist should be conversant with the laws or their environment so as not to engage themselves in a legal battle with the state.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
The advent of the internet and the web does not replace the conventional way of journalism rather, it strengthens it because CAR has aided investigative journalism CAR led to data journalism which involves mining and processing data using statistical package in order to find news worthy facts and better perform watchdog role.

Chapter 3; blog as a news gathering and reporting tool
A blog which is also called weblog is a website that consist of entries or posts appearing in reverse chronological order with the most recent entry appearing first. These blogs include features such as comments and links to increase user interactivity. They are easy to set-up and its free and anyone with internet access can access the blog.
Quinn and Lamble argue that bloggers get more factual news than conventional journalist and blogs represents the biggest threat to conventional journalists. Bloggers use the RSS (Really Simple Syndication) and other web 2.0 technologies together news stories. This technology allows the news to come looking for the bloggers instead of them going or aggregator checks which performs the same function of news gathering.
Chapter 4: Citizen Journalism And Audience Guaranteed Content
Citizen journalism is the reportage of news events by member of the public using the internet to spread the information. Here the citizens are not only the audience but also, they are the publisher too. They are not professionals but they voice or talk about things that mainstream media ignore. The audience generated content are those content that has been created and put out there by unpaid contributors or by the people.
CHAPTER 5; Getting Trustworthy Information Online
Quinn and Lamble argues that for information online to be confined if its factual or not it has to be done with technological devices like the meta search engines. With the help of computer journalist can treat information professionally to double check for facts and errors.
CHAPTER 6; Multimedia News Gathering.
One of the problem of a journalist is gathering of multimedia report that can be used for any medium. Multimedia journalism according to Berkeley is strong telling which combine photo, texts, video, audio etc. multimedia news gathering is interactive because allow for sending their own photo, texts, video, audio etc. Quinn maintains that the future of journalism lies in the area of multimedia, which a University or media organization should provide training for, because it is essential in the 21st century.
Chapter 7: Photo Blonde, Evaluation Information Quantity
People post anything online to blackmail people make money or promote on ideology. A video for alternation to avoid losing his/her integrity as well as audience journalists should not make assumption and avoid taking thing at face value. The should check for validity of mails and images on websites from the url, the journalist can know if a website is fake or not.
CHAPTER 8 Using CAR to Develop a Beat
On using computer to generate a beat, the journalist must be educated in that field of interest, source for relevant information and keep up to date with relevant news online. When a journalist is a computer literate, he is one step ahead of his other counterparts.
CHAPTER 9: Websites and Links for Journalists
Here, the author feels a journalist should visit relevant websites that can be trusted for various news stories. These websites enrich stories, which helps in evaluating a story. Wikipedia cannot be trusted site because anybody can edit and post information and they are not factual.
GROUP NINE
Question: Give a critical review of “Digital Vertigo, how today online social revolution is dividing and diminishing us by Andrew Keen”?
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Andrew Keen is a Silicon Valley entrepreneur whose writing on culture, media technology have appeared on top national trailers of the world. He is the founder and chief executive offices of Audio cafe. Com
INTRODUCTION
HYPERVISIBILITY: This book explains to us using Jeremy how through the use of social media we have subjected our privacy to the viewing eye of the public.
            The Author Andrew Keen, who in his other books is to against us exploring our private life, saying the internet makes us behave nosy, not better. In this book, Digital vertigo, Keen argues that the hype-visibility promoted by social networks like Facebook and Twitter traps us into sacrificing vitally important heart of human experience, like our privacy. He further explains that rather than the social media being the second life, it is becoming LIFE ITSELF. He explains his experience and questions how there could be privacy behind a public corpse.
            He explained that by broadcasting my location, my observation and my intentions to my electronic network, enabled him to perpetually live in public. By putting your location online you are opening yourself to vulnerabilities, wide range of people can actually track you to your location, by putting an observation, that is just an extension of who you are, and the general public can actually see through you.
The future will be social: Keen have recalled asking biz stone, what exactly is the future? Biz replied saying the future will be social. The social will be the killer app of the 21st century. Given that the internet was becoming the connective tissue of 21st century life, the future- our future, yours and mine and everyone else on the ubiquitous network would, therefore, you can guess it (social).
CHAPTER ONE: A Simple Idea of Archite the Inspection-House
            With the beginning of the twenty-first century, the digital century comes with a familiar problem from the industrial age, which is a social threat against individual liberty. The deepest problems of modern life derive the autonomy and individuality of is existence in the face of overwhelming social forces, of historical heritage, of external culture, and of the technique of life.
Our Age of Great Exhibition
The internet today is that ever expanding network of networks combining the world wide web of personal computers and other devices in which around a quarter of the globe’s population have already taken up residency.
            In line with the views of Jeremy Bentham, Keen came up with what is called digital architecture, which means, the new nervous system of the planet, the backbones that every online activity depends on transforming digital technology from being a tool of second life into an increasingly central part of real life.
CHAPTER TWO
Orwell coined another neologism face crime saying that it was terribly dangerous to let your thought wander when you were in a public place or within a range of telescreen today it is becoming unfashionable and even socially acceptable not to express oneself on the network. The network are like social eyed, so that everyone become a cube in the wall both watching and being watched by every other cube
CHAPTER THREE: VISIBILITY IS A TRAP
Privacy concerns: Individuals crave for secrecy and private life which is one of the most fundamental human rights across the democratic world.
Andrew Keen expressed that social media has tamed privacy across the globe, geo-graphical boundaries are being penetrated through Facebook, twitter and other online social media platforms. This collaborates the global village of Marshall Mcluhan which he describes as extreme global social coercion. However, digital vertigo stands that social coercion is social loss of private life.
HYPERVISIBILITY
Hyper-trap:- Michael Foucault tends to understand social platforms as a means of depriving the act of restitutionion, however bringing out info into public sphere. According to Meglena Kuneva(2009) coming of the internet paved way for one’s personal information to be a tool for public domain.
Political Economy Online
Andrew Keen equally argues that advertisers are always data vigilant. In other words, they creep into online user’s data to evaluate their taste and what they are thinking about or instead to buy.
CHAPTER 4: Digital Vertigo
Three lies and three copies: In this chapter Andrew Keen explains to us how the world we live in is a spiral of lies. Everything about this entire public conversation does not contain a single word of truth.
Andrew Keen is a Silicon Valley entrepreneur whose writing on culture, media and technology have appeared on top national dailies of the world. Andrew Keen was in writing the book DIGITAL VERTIGO. DIGITAL VERTIGO is a Two hundred and forty-six (246) paged book, which is divided into eight chapters (8), with further notes and index. It was published in 2012 in the United States by St. Martin’s Press 175 fifth Avenue, New York, with the ISBN number 978-0-312-62498-9.
SUMMARY
In this chapter, Andrew Keen explains to us how the world we live in is a spiral of lies. Everything about this entire public conversation does not contain a single word of truth. The so-called world is the Social Media. Andrew keen uses San Francisco, to explain how we have traded our societal values for a life that does not exist on the social media. 20s century Hollywood drama, in which, we the mass audience, paid professional actors playing the private lives of fictional characters. Everything in the scene from the play is fake and invented, so is the conversation. There is no truth from it, so is watching and implementing things we see on the social media. Social media is vain, foolish or incongruous fancy, or creature of the imagination, that only destroys our well- being. We don’t always get second chances as Scott reminds us, they are mostly illusionary in the lottery of American life. Andrew keen explane to us Color Excitement Power Freedom using San Francisco of the 18th century describing the place, as a place full of color, excitement, power, freedom’, but would it be equally distingeno us to borrow these words as a description of mid-twentieth century San Francisco Bay Area? Was there color, excitement, power, freedom in the place where Hitchcock made his timeless picture? Here his is explaining to us about using their economy. Back then power was held by large scale, and companies that dominates the economy. This arrangement is what social media evangelists describes as the push economy. In this type of economy, the people participating in push programs are generally treated as instruments to ensure that activities are performed as dictated. Their own individual needs and interests are purely secondary, if relevant at all. In relation to social media we the users are only executing the orders of those that invented the platform. Social media platforms such as Linkedin, Facebook, twitter are extensions of the founders, by using them we have been restricted to just the functions it was created for. You don’t have the liberty to doing just anything, your participation is passive, because you cannot use it for what it was not created for.
In another segment of the chapter, Andrew keen explan the future by talking of digital computer, i.e advancement in technology. In the previous centuries, the technology of analogue computers matured considerably, its functionability was always comprised by the prodigious amount of electricity required to power these machines and it was as a consequence of the size and heat. What solved this hitherto problem and transformed this mechanical computer from technological curiosity into central reality of the present day social life was the invention of the transistor.
Therefore, with the innovation of technologies like the traitorous eight, the history of Silicon Valley must also be understood in terms of social values, morals, judgments and economic ideas. In the context of what some sociologist would call its ideology. In order to get this excavation, we need to return to the earlier question about the mid twentieth century Bay Area. In spite of its technicoloured orchards, the San Francisco Bay Area with its monochromes industrial infrastructure of large electronics, defense and energy companies managed by repressive organizational men was neither a shrinking exciting nor a colorful place to fall in 1957 and 1967 the Bay Area experienced such a powerful explosion of social color and excitement that the region and indeed, the world has never been quite the same since. Also, again in this chapter talks about San Francisco, how they had replaced their grief flannel suits with rainbow colored clothes and psychedelic scarves. How San Franciscans had like poor Scottie Ferguson fallen in love with something that didn’t exist, and if you’re going to San Francisco, be sure to wear flowers in your hair, by Scott McKenzie in mid- June in 1967 at the Monteri pop festival. If you come to San Francisco, Scott McKenzie promised the tens of thousands who came to Monteri ‘’summer time would be a love in there.
5. The mechanical element about internet is technology that social media revolution could have not been possible without the advance in technology in the early seventies electrics engineers of Silicon Valley make two critical technological breakthroughs.  In 1876, Alexandra Graham Bells invented telephone and that is another technological development in the history of social media. John Markoff made known that region Silicon Valley has transform the world, by transforming it with it revolutionary microprocessor and packet switching networks and that the world has also transfer its scientific center for development digital technology into engine room of global social and cultural revolution. A global network of all human beings connected by computer is a way of keeping alive disruptive spirit of the summer of love, with its challenge to traditional corporate and cultural hierarchies, the purpose of personal computing go hand in globe with the idea of computer without communication. He further explains that personal computer and the internet has the natural home of the homeless to the refuges through network technology. In the same sixties counter culture elites enter the American work force and reshape the economic life with their rebellions, individualism and their romantic communitarian.
The value in the digital information economy of social network like Facebook, LinkedIn, google, twitter are referred to as free agent nation of self-employed and autonomous knowledge worker by “Daniel Pink”, says about postindustrial economy, a working environment ideally suited to the behemain culture of an increasingly individualized and self-providing digital elite. Marshal Mcluhan embrace technology and a type of person that travels back world to view things from the ancient society, colour excitement, power freedom and also hailed the new electric age, he sees value of information, technology as widing the tape backwards and also draws back into he called our tribal mesh of a pre-modern oral culture.
The technological futurism of Marshal McLuhan and disciple like Mark Zukerberg has a greater contribution to the age.
6. The chapter covers Andrew Keen’s argument in trying to prove Philip Rosedale wrong of his statement while the internet remembers everything that we enter into it, this old library. Remembering everything bring us all together, it enables the unity of mankind giving a story” “crystal palace, the shattering of the glass and the return of the future. This chapter exposed The Holy Grail
By throwing more light on two union coming together to debate on whether the entrepreneurs of silicon valley, the architects shaping today’s web 3.0 revolution, could be trusted with our future in a digitalized world where the boundary between first and second life were quickly dissolving. Keens goes further to explain the painting in the gothic library where the exhibition was taking place, painted by Dante Gabriel Rossetti and a group of Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood friends to include William Morris and Edward Burne Jones, of which king Authur’s mythological court was brought back to life in seven frescoes, painted between 1851 & 1859. Even the Pre-Raphaelites relied on the most innovative modern technology to paint pictures which romanticized the past that could never exist.
Andrew Keen talks about Prince Albert’s big idea to enable the unity of man by bringing everyone in the world together, which was to be done by creating something crystalline transparency. In his word “nobody, however who has paid any attention to the peculiar features of our present era, will doubt for a moment that we are living at a period of most wonderful transition, in which tends rapidly to realization of the unity of mankind. In November 30, 1936, the crystal palace crumbled in flames. Paxton’s building fell into despair and debt what was trusted as Prince Albert’s internationalist dream. And at this period, his dream had not only died in south London, but also throughout most of the world. His faith in industrialization and the belief that technology and science would unite us had proven to be tragically misguided, the dream of history’s “wonderful transition” turned out, in much of the world, to be closer to a nightmare. The shift in power from a single omniscient twentieth century Big Brother to the vast cohort of twenty-first-century little Brother is what distinguishes our future from the age of the great exhibition. What, intact, we see when we gaze into the future is that all the glass once used by Joseph Paxton to build the crystal palace has in our age of great exhibitionism, been transformed into billions of Auto-icons.
Andrew Keen gives picture of what the future he seeks looks like. “The return of the apparachik as an omniscient wireless device, the society that is becoming its own electronic image disunity of little brothers, human beings turned inside out, so that all their most intimate data is displayed in the full gaze of public network”. “So imagine a world without either secrecy or privacy, where everything and everyone is transparent” he finally concluded this chapter by saying “we see digital vertigo, more and more digital vertigo
7.  Keen tries to relate social media as an industrial prison taking our daily activities online. In his word “reverse of the principle of the dungeon”, “its goals were as simple as its architecture: surveillance and control”. That is with our online activities we are under control of the internet. We update our daily activities online which are vulnerable.
Our social future may have arrived” William Gibson ascertain in 1993, he described as the unevenly distribute. The internet as our crystal prison has taken care of our personal life, our day to day activities are uploaded online every second of our life. Josh Harris a hotel proprietor as well as one of the greatest pioneer founded it. Therefore, we live in public as the 2009 documentary film by Ondi Timoner, which depicted internet pioneer Josh Harris. Its central idea is the loss of privacy in the internet age. It was a Japanese capsule hotel outfitted with cameras in every pod, and screens that allow each occupant to monitor the other pods installed in the basement.
Robbert Scoble an internet pioneer who is regarded as among five most influential twitters in the world tweets to his almost 200,000 followers @ scobeiler. He believed in the disappearance of private realm. Therefore, as a victim of an open web he tweets and makes his friends online. He is probably a victim of we live in public and also fall within the loss of personal identity as a nation state to social media community. As the writer said in his encounter with one of Scoble’s neighbor, he asked the neighbor whether he knows or is in contact. The nieghbour replied no probably because he did not belong to the neighborhood.com though popular on the internet but not known among his neighbors “this is just a lost of socialization and loss of personal identity as a nation-state”.
8 Queen Victoria and Prince Albert made sixty-three copper-plated personal etchings of their domestic life with family and friends, including their two eldest children Bertie- the heir to Victoria’s throne and Vicky. It was an unintended exhibition but between October 1840 and November 1847, Victoria and Albert sent these pictures to a printer to make copies of the copperplates but the printer’s journeyman made his own copies and sold them to London publisher William Strange who then released a printed exhibition of the work and even went as far as promising the purchasers of the catalogue a facsimile of either the Queen’s or Prince consort’s autograph.
Keen goes further to discuss various legislations and bills about privacy in the past and in recent times being put forth by government officials like West Virginian Senator John D. Rockefeller, Minnesota Senator Al Franken and Senator John Kerry and John McCain among others. Keen explained that as much as legal and political action, we also need more consumer literacy about the core nature of Web 3.0 businesses.
keen also explains how trust and the need for ‘privacy’ have become the hot new commodity of the web. According to Facebook’s chief technology officer Bret Taylor, “Trust is the foundation of the Social web”, he went further to state that “people will stop using Facebook if they don’t trust in our services”.
Keen went further to explain the memory of the internet by representing it with two analogies made by memory expert Joshua Foer. According to The New York Times’ Paul Sullivan and Nick Bitton, the internet ‘is like an elephant that never forgets’- making it analogous to the early twentieth century Russian journalist described by Joshua Foer in Moonwalking with Einstein, as a man that quite literally, remembered everything, and “EP” an eighty year old brain damaged lab technician whom Joshua Foer describes as the most forgetful man in the world. In this segment, Keen describes 2011 using two pictures, the first picture talks about the semi factual story about Mark Zuckerberg’s controversial founding of a Facebook, produced by David Fincher and written Aaron Sorkin, titled The Social Network based on Ben Mezrich’s controversial anecdotal 2009 book titled Accidental Billionaires. In the story, semi fictionalized Zuckerberg, is portrayed as a friendless computer programmer incapable of real social relationships who betrayed what it is to be human.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion of the book began with the author who after the giddy experience he had in front of the Auto-Icon needed a drink so as to further his journey to Amsterdam where he was to speak at a social media conference decided to stay for a while till his time for departure was ready. While he was still there taking a drink, he decided to pounder more on the Bentham corpse he saw.
In words of “Andrew Keen” he said “History was repeating itself, I realized. The simple architecture of Bentham’s Auto-Icon reflected so to speak the digital narcissism of our social media. I recognize too that Bentham’s Utilitarian Ideals particularly his greatest happiness of the greatest number of principles, were little different from the ideals of contemporarily digital visionaries like Mark Zuckerberg whose social network, you are developing a gross happiness index to quantify global sentiments. . . . . . . . .”
The conclusive part which the author “Andrew Keen” decided to tag it “The Woman in Blue” was later addressed and scrutinized in this section. After he had his time on the portrait-self-portrait was still in his mind and after he had finished his speech on social media in Amsterdam, he found himself at the Rijksmuseum, the museum that house some of the most illustrious Dutch pictures from the seventeenth century.
CRITICISM
Andrew Keen in this book focuses on the executable and world of hyperconnectivity of the Web 3.0 and its technicalities. Just like in his other books like Cult of the Amateur and The Internet is not the answer, in Digital Vertigo, Keens talks a lot about the weaknesses and short comings of the Internet.
 According to Po Bronson in his review of The Internet is not the answer, "Andrew Keen has written a very powerful and daring manifesto questioning whether the internet lives up to its own espoused values. He is not the opponent of the internet culture; he is its conscience, and must be heard. "This is very much true. Andrew Keen has brought to light so much about the Internet, opening our eyes to a lot of loopholes and giving us a choice. Keen explains how the Web 3.0 has given organizations like Google, Apple and Facebook the opportunity to become multi dollar for profit companies. He mentions that according to Reputations.com CEO Michael Fertik, the business models of supposedly free social networks like Facebook is the sale of our information to their advertisers. Hence, "free services on the internet are never really free" (pg. 167-168).
Andrew Keen goes deep in his book to portray the life of the 21st century and where it is heading to. He shows how the Internet that is supposed to bring us together is dividing, diminishing and disorienting us continuously plunging us into a swirling state of digital vertigo.
Even though Keen has brought a lot of things to light, raising a lot of debates and bringing to bare things that should be a cause for concern and like Po Bronson said being 'the Internet's conscience,' one can not help but see him as a biased conscience. Keen goes on and on about the issues and short comings of the Internet but fails to acknowledge many of the important developments and progress that it has also brought.
GROUP TEN
Question:“Can online journalism be a professional calling? Either way, justify your stand using righteous literature analysis and situate your findings within both teleological and deontological paradigigius.”
INTRODUCTION
In the introduction of the work, the group made a rather categorical statement: “From time immemorial, the profession of Journalism has not been given much respect like Law, Medicine, and Engineering among others”-a statement such as this requires a sources and the group work offers none to support the claim. This said claim follows before a sentence that seems to be a reason or effect- “People tend to view, thus, online journalism and citizen journalism interchangeably”. But lacks sound correlation with the former statement. In other words, from time immemorial, Journalism has lacked the same respect accorded to law, Medicine, etc., therefore people tend to see online Journalism as citizen journalism. There seems to be a lost wagon in the train of thought as the work dives suddenly into forms of Journalism. The eventual contrast between these two forms of journalism are therefore misplaced.
            The work does well to separate online journalism and citizenship journalism. It could have been fair however if all the forms of Journalism (advocacy, conventional, etc.) are online now. More so, they clearly define ‘professions’ to be a payroll system and working in organizations, they go on further than actually defining it. And in this description, they lean on the “online” than the journalism, hence no balance. You see this in their citing Dueze (2003) on multimediality, interactivity and hyper textuality. Incidentally, on page if, there’s a lost sentence standing as a paragraph- a structure out of place.
            The group, defined profession, described online as a term, however their introduction lacks to state it. It said the work would discuss “these various arguments situating them within both teleological and demonological paradigms of ethical considerations.
            As much as the work polarizes the debate about online. They provide scarce literature support either debating sides. And the analysis on both points were not in depth. Here, the work fails to capture the instruction on the question: “righteous literature analysis”
In page 7: a meanwhile, the other school of thoughts who chooses to view online Journalism and it goes without saying who the school of thought comprise of. No citations. This is apart from the point that the whole idea or argument is unclear and stands alone without proper explanation.
Paragraph 2, page 7 puts teleological and demonological as pro-online journalist. However, teleological and demonological ethical paradigms can also support these against online as a professions. This may be a misunderstanding of the question. In other words, if the above had taken a ‘no’ stance to the question, they would also situate their findings to the ethical paradigms.
The work does not take a definite stance of the issue and thus provide no personal contributors to the discourse. Apart from saying from the introduction that is or can be a profession, in the course of the work there’s no definite point they look a stand and thus justify their stand. This also mean they haven’t answered the question properly. In other words, the works has only provided the arguments for both sides and the ethnical paradigms, but not their side to the argument.
            In page 9 of paragraph 4, the sociological approach of the discussion suddenly pops out. The angle fails to trace it logically to the argument and thus it precedes itself as a square in a round hole.
            Descendingly, you can find another criticism against OJ being a professional, it only appears to be a lost or misplaced chip of block. It should have come with the argument in page 6 (thereabout).
More so, on page 11, the work says in the conclusion, “the internet contributed to the further professionalization in general”- what is the authoritative source? It lacks proper backing.
As for the citations and references we find the citation of Word (2003) in pages 4 and 5. However, the corresponding references carries a different date, Word (2009).
CONCLUSION
The work doesn’t serve well as a proper contribution to the central issue. It doesn’t also properly answer the question. On the lighter note, it is not well within, there fail to be a proper transitioning of thoughts.
            Summarily, the above does try to answer the question. The major lack however in-depth information is in general and distorted arguments.

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